Growth and structure of multiphase gas in the cloud-crushing problem with cooling

Abstract

We revisit the problem of the growth of dense/cold gas in the cloud-crushing setup with radiative cooling. The relative motion between the dense cloud and the diffuse medium produces a turbulent boundary layer of mixed gas with a short cooling time. This mixed gas may explain the ubiquity of the range of absorption/emission lines observed in various sources such as the circumgalactic medium and galactic/stellar/AGN outflows. Recently Gronke & Oh showed that the efficient radiative cooling of the mixed gas can lead to the continuous growth of the dense cloud. They presented a threshold cloud size for the growth of dense gas which was contradicted by the more recent works of Li et al. & Sparre et al. These thresholds are qualitatively different as the former is based on the cooling time of the mixed gas whereas the latter is based on the cooling time of the hot gas. Our simulations agree with the threshold based on the cooling time of the mixed gas. We argue that the radiative cloud-crushing simulations should be run long enough to allow for the late-time growth of the dense gas due to cooling of the mixed gas but not so long that the background gas cools catastrophically. Moreover, the simulation domain should be large enough that the mixed gas is not lost through the boundaries. While the mixing layer is roughly isobaric, the emissivity of the gas at different temperatures is fundamentally different from an isobaric single-phase steady cooling flow.

17 pages, 14 figures; Submitted to MNRAS; Comments are welcome; Supplementary content: https://github.com/dutta-alankar/cloud-crushing-with-cooling; Movies and associated videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TO68aRBFO5I&list=PLH4Yu6hxblq3scjLE7U7EvTQtebIpn_TA

References in corpus (21)

• Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
• PLUTO: a Numerical Code for Computational Astrophysics
• The Circumgalactic Medium
• Athena: A New Code for Astrophysical MHD
• The COS-Halos Survey: Physical Conditions and Baryonic Mass in the Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Medium
• Intracluster Medium Entropy Profiles for a Chandra Archival Sample of Galaxy Clusters
• Regulation of star formation in giant galaxies by precipitation, feedback, and conduction
• Resolving small-scale cold circumgalactic gas in TNG50
• Hydrodynamical Coupling of Mass and Momentum in Multiphase Galactic Winds
• Efficiency of gas cooling and accretion at the disc-corona interface
• Interaction of a cold cloud with a hot wind: the regimes of cloud growth and destruction and the impact of magnetic fields
• A Review of Recent Observations of Galactic Winds Driven by Star Formation
• The Magnetohydrodynamics of Shock-Cloud Interaction in Three Dimensions
• The Impact of Cosmic Rays on Thermal Instability in the Circumgalactic Medium
• Radiative Mixing Layers: Insights from Turbulent Combustion
• Direct Detection of Black Hole-Driven Turbulence in the Centers of Galaxy Clusters
• Multiphase gas in the circumgalactic medium: relative role of $t_{\mathrm{cool}}/t_{\mathrm{ff}}$ and density fluctuations
• Filament formation in wind-cloud interactions. II. Clouds with turbulent density, velocity, and magnetic fields
• Simulating radiative astrophysical flows with the PLUTO code: A non-equilibrium, multi-species cooling function
• Irradiation of Astrophysical Objects - SED and Flux Effects on Thermally Driven Winds
• Astrophysical Coronae: Lessons from Modeling of the Intracluster Medium

Cited by in corpus (51)

• The Structure of Multiphase Galactic Winds
• Interaction of a cold cloud with a hot wind: the regimes of cloud growth and destruction and the impact of magnetic fields
• Survival and mass growth of cold gas in a turbulent, multiphase medium
• Cosmic Ray Transport, Energy Loss, and Influence in the Multiphase Interstellar Medium
• The Survival of Multiphase Dusty Clouds in Hot Winds
• A simple model for mixing and cooling in cloud-wind interactions
• Shock-multicloud interactions in galactic outflows -- II. Radiative fractal clouds and cold gas thermodynamics
• The bending of the star-forming main sequence traces the cold- to hot-accretion transition mass over 0<z<4
• GASP XXXIV: Unfolding the thermal side of ram pressure stripping in the jellyfish galaxy JO201
• GASP XXXVIII: The LOFAR-MeerKAT-VLA view on the non-thermal side of a jellyfish galaxy
• Radiative turbulent mixing layers at high Mach numbers
• Boosting galactic outflows with enhanced resolution
• The Impact of Cosmic Rays on the Kinematics of the Circumgalactic Medium
• Better Together: The Complex Interplay Between Radiative Cooling and Magnetic Draping
• Cooling driven coagulation
• Efficiency of Thermal Conduction in a Magnetised Circumgalactic Medium
• Self-ionizing galactic winds
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$). Mass budget, satellites spin alignment and gas infall in a massive $z\sim 3$ quasar host halo
• The Characteristic Momentum of Radiatively Cooling Energy-Driven Galactic Winds
• The observable properties of cool winds from galaxies, AGN, and star clusters -- II. 3D models for the multiphase wind of M82
• Cooling flows around cold clouds in the circumgalactic medium: steady-state models & comparison with TNG50
• An H$\alpha$/X-ray orphan cloud as a signpost of the intracluster medium clumping
• Cold and Hot gas distribution around the Milky-Way-M31 system in the HESTIA simulations
• Direct observations of the atomic-molecular phase transition in the Milky Way's nuclear wind
• The Anatomy of a Turbulent Radiative Mixing Layer: Insights from an Analytic Model with Turbulent Conduction and Viscosity
• Shattering and growth of cold clouds in galaxy clusters: the role of radiative cooling, magnetic fields and thermal conduction
• Ram pressure stripping of the multiphase ISM: a detailed view from TIGRESS simulations
• Characterising the turbulent multiphase halos with periodic box simulations
• Radiative Turbulent Mixing Layers and the Survival of Magellanic Debris
• Stress-Testing Cosmic Ray Physics: The Impact of Cosmic Rays on the Surviving Disk of Ram Pressure Stripped Galaxies
• Magnetic field draping around clumpy high-velocity clouds in galactic halo
• The magnetised and thermally unstable tails of jellyfish galaxies
• APEX at the QSO MUSEUM: molecular gas reservoirs associated with $z\sim$3 quasars and their link to the extended Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Dynamics and Morphology of Cold Gas in Fast, Radiatively Cooling Outflows: Constraining AGN Energetics with Horseshoes
• Ram pressure stripping in clusters: Gravity can bind the ISM but not the CGM
• The high-velocity clouds above the disk of the outer Milky Way: misty precipitating gas in a region roiled by stellar streams
• Sensitivity of non-radiative cloud-wind interactions to the hydrodynamics solver
• Strength in numbers: A multiphase wind model with multiple cloud populations
• CO Emission Delineating the Interface between the Milky Way Nuclear Wind Cavity and the Gaseous Disk
• Simulated [CII] in high-z galaxies
• Comparing the interstellar and circumgalactic origin of gas in the tails of jellyfish galaxies
• Non-star-forming molecular gas in the Abell 1367 intra-cluster multiphase orphan cloud
• Not gone with the Wind: Survival of High-Velocity Molecular Clouds in the Galactic center
• Shocking interactions of supernova remnants with atomic and molecular clouds -- the interplay between shocks, thermal instability and gravity in the large cloud regime
• Fading in the Flow: Suppression of cold gas growth in expanding galactic outflows
• The imprint of magnetic fields on absorption spectra from circumgalactic wind-cloud systems
• Multi-cloud crushing -- the collective survival of cold clouds in galactic outflows
• Simulating High-Velocity Clouds in the Observational Plane: An Initial Study with the Smith Cloud
• The Halo21 Absorption Modeling Challenge: Lessons From "Observing" Synthetic Circumgalactic Absorption Spectra
• Modeling Multiphase Galactic Outflows: A Multifluid Moving Mesh Approach
• Modeling Emission-Line Surface Brightness in a Multiphase Galactic Wind: An O VI Case Study