Circum-stellar medium around rotating massive stars at solar metallicity

Abstract

Aims. Observations show nebulae around some massive stars but not around others. If observed, their chemical composition is far from homogeneous. Our goal is to put these observational features into the context of the evolution of massive stars and their circumstellar medium (CSM) and, more generally, to quantify the role of massive stars for the chemical and dynamical evolution of the ISM. Methods. Using the A-MAZE code, we perform 2d-axisymmetric hydrodynamical simulations of the evolution of the CSM, shaped by stellar winds, for a whole grid of massive stellar models from 15 to 120 Msun and following the stellar evolution from the zero-age main-sequence to the time of supernova explosion. In addition to the usual quantities, we also follow five chemical species: H, He, C, N, and O. Results. We show how various quantities evolve as a function of time: size of the bubble, position of the wind termination shock, chemical composition of the bubble, etc. The chemical composition of the bubble changes considerably compared to the initial composition, particularly during the red-supergiant (RSG) and Wolf-Rayet (WR) phases. In some extreme cases, the inner region of the bubble can be completely depleted in hydrogen and nitrogen, and is mainly composed of carbon, helium and oxygen. We argue why the bubble typically expands at a lower rate than predicted by self-similarity theory. In particular, the size of the bubble is very sensitive to the density of the ISM, decreasing by a factor of around 2.5 for each additional dex in ISM density. The bubble size also decreases with the metallicity of the central star, as low-metallicity stars have weaker winds. Our models qualitatively fit the observations of WR ejecta nebulae.

13 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in A&A. Corrected after language editing

References in corpus (13)

• The effect of photo-ionization on the cooling rates of enriched, astrophysical plasmas
• Grids of stellar models with rotation - III. Models from 0.8 to 120 Msun at a metallicity Z = 0.002
• The Galactic WN stars: Spectral analyses with line-blanketed model atmospheres versus stellar evolution models with and without rotation
• Mass loss from late-type WN stars and its Z-dependence: very massive stars approaching the Eddington limit
• The Evolution of Supernovae in Circumstellar Wind Bubbles II: Case of a Wolf-Rayet star
• 3D simulations of RS Oph: from accretion to nova blast
• The enigmatic nature of the circumstellar envelope and bow shock surrounding Betelgeuse as revealed by Herschel. I. Evidence of clumps, multiple arcs, and a linear bar-like structure
• Multiple ring nebulae around blue supergiants
• Double bow shocks around young, runaway red supergiants: application to Betelgeuse
• Supersonic turbulence in shock-bound interaction zones I: symmetric settings
• The circumstellar medium around a rapidly rotating, chemically homogeneously evolving, possible gamma-ray burst progenitor
• Multi-dimensional models of circumstellar shells around evolved massive stars
• Chemical Self-Enrichment of HII Regions by the Wolf-Rayet Phase of an 85 Msun star

Cited by in corpus (19)

• Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications
• Confined Dense Circumstellar Material Surrounding a Regular Type II Supernova: The Unique Flash-Spectroscopy Event of SN 2013fs
• Nonthermal particles and photons in starburst regions and superbubbles
• Stellar feedback efficiencies: supernovae versus stellar winds
• Dynamics and Energy Loss in Superbubbles
• The Morphology and Dynamics of Jet-Driven Supernova Remnants: the Case of W49B
• Inside the core of a young massive star cluster: 3D MHD simulations
• The chemical composition of Galactic ring nebulae around massive stars
• Expansion of Kes 73, a Shell Supernova Remnant Containing a Magnetar
• Evidence of the Evolved Nature of the B[e] Star MWC 137
• SRG/eROSITA discovery of a radio faint X-ray candidate supernova remnant SRGe J003602.3+605421=G121.1-1.9
• Discovery of a Wind-Blown Bubble Associated with the Supernova Remnant G346.6-0.2: A Hint for the Origin of Recombining Plasma
• PION: Simulating bow shocks and circumstellar nebulae
• Modeling of Cosmic-Ray Production and Transport and Estimation of Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Emissions in Starburst Galaxies
• Supersonic turbulence in 3D isothermal flow collision
• A well-balanced scheme for the simulation tool-kit A-MaZe: implementation, tests, and first applications to stellar structure
• Dust destruction by the supernova remnant forward shock in a turbulent interstellar medium
• Gamma-ray emission from decays of boosted nuclei in protomagnetar jets
• Photons from neutrinos: the gamma ray echo of a supernova neutrino burst