High resolution ALMA observations of HS in LIRGS (Dense gas and shocks in outflows and CNDs)
arXiv:2506.20220 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555589
Abstract
Molecular gas plays a critical role in regulating star formation and nuclear activity in galaxies. Sulphur bearing molecules, such as H2S, are sensitive to the physical and chemical environments in which they reside and are potential tracers of shocked, dense gas in galactic outflows and active galactic nuclei (AGN). We aim to investigate the origin of H2S emission and its relation to dense gas and outflow activity in the central regions of nearby infrared luminous galaxies. We present ALMA Band 5 observations of the ortho H2S 1(1,0) 1(0,1) transition in three nearby galaxies: NGC 1377, NGC 4418, and NGC 1266. We perform radiative transfer modelling using RADEX to constrain the physical conditions of the H2S emitting gas and compare the results to ancillary CO and continuum data. We detect compact H2S emission in all three galaxies, arising from regions smaller than approximately 150 parsecs. The H2S spectral profiles exhibit broad line wings, suggesting an association with outflowing or shocked gas. In NGC 4418, H2S also appears to be tracing gas that is counterrotating. A peculiar red shifted emission feature may correspond to inflowing gas, or possibly a slanted outflow. RADEX modelling indicates that the H2S emitting gas has high densities (molecular hydrogen density greater than 10^7 cm^-3) and moderately warm temperatures (between 40 and 200 Kelvin). The derived densities exceed those inferred from CO observations, implying that H2S traces denser regions of the interstellar medium.
arXiv commentSubmitted to A&A
References in corpus (63)
- A computer program for fast non-LTE analysis of interstellar line spectra
- The IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS)
- The Star Formation Rate and Dense Molecular Gas in Galaxies
- Massive Molecular Outflows and Evidence for AGN Feedback from CO Observations
- Massive molecular outflows and negative feedback in ULIRGs observed by Herschel-PACS
- Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications
- Mid-IR Galaxy Classification Based on Silicate Obscuration and PAH Equivalent Width
- Fast Molecular Outflows in Luminous Galaxy Mergers: Evidence for Quasar Feedback from Herschel
- Evaporation of ices near massive stars: models based on laboratory TPD data
- Discovery of an AGN-Driven Molecular Outflow in the Local Early-Type Galaxy NGC 1266
- Star formation in a galactic outflow
- The fast molecular outflow in the Seyfert galaxy IC5063 as seen by ALMA
- On the reservoir of sulphur in dark clouds : chemistry and elemental abundance reconciled
- Detection of HCN, HCO+ and HNC in the Mrk231 molecular outflow - Dense molecular gas in the AGN wind
- Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H2O, H2^{18}O, OH, ^{18}OH, O I, HCN and NH3
- Molecular outflows in local galaxies: Method comparison and a role of intermittent AGN driving
- Sulphur chemistry in the envelopes of massive young stars
- UCLCHEM: A Gas-Grain Chemical Code
- Luminous Infrared Galaxies with the Submillimeter Array: II. Comparing the CO(3-2) Sizes and Luminosities of Local and High-Redshift Luminous Infrared Galaxies
- High resolution observations of HCN and HCO+ J=3-2 in the disk and outflow of Mrk231 -Detection of vibrationally excited HCN in the warped nucleus
- Dense Molecular Gas Tracers in the Outflow of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 253
- Sulphur-bearing species in the star forming region L1689N
- High-resolution imaging of the molecular outflows in two mergers: IRAS17208-0014 and NGC1614
- Submillimeter Interferometry of the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 4418: A Hidden Hot Nucleus with an Inflow and an Outflow
- Excitation Mechanisms for HCN (1-0) and HCO+ (1-0) in Galaxies from the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey
- A new study of an old sink of sulfur in hot molecular cores: the sulfur residue
- A Luminous Infrared Merger with Two Bipolar Molecular Outflows: ALMA and SMA Observations of NGC 3256
- ALMA reveals optically thin, highly excited CO gas in the jet-driven winds of the galaxy IC5063
- SEPIA - a new single pixel receiver at the APEX Telescope
- The ALMA Band 9 receiver - Design, construction, characterization, and first light
- Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS). II. On the quest for the sulphur reservoir in molecular clouds: the case
- The opaque nascent starburst in NGC 1377: Spitzer SINGS observations
- Fast, Collimated Outflow in the Western Nucleus of Arp 220
- Winds of change - a molecular outflow in NGC 1377? The anatomy of an extreme FIR-excess galaxy
- CON-quest: Searching for the most obscured galaxy nuclei
- Exploring the molecular chemistry and excitation in obscured luminous infrared galaxies: An ALMA mm-wave spectral scan of NGC 4418
- Detection of a High Brightness Temperature Radio Core in the AGN-Driven Molecular Outflow Candidate NGC 1266
- A precessing molecular jet signaling an obscured, growing supermassive black hole in NGC1377?
- Spatially resolved cold molecular outflows in ULIRGs
- Sulfur Ice Astrochemistry: A Review of Laboratory Studies
- Gemini GMOS and WHT SAURON integral-field spectrograph observations of the AGN driven outflow in NGC 1266
- A high-resolution mm and cm study of the obscured LIRG NGC 4418 - A compact obscured nucleus fed by in-falling gas?
- Evidence for 1000 km/s Molecular Outflows in the Local ULIRG Population
- Discovery of strong Iron Kα emitting Compton thick quasars at z=2.5 and 2.9
- Shock Excited Molecules in NGC 1266: ULIRG conditions at the center of a Bulge Dominated Galaxy
- Herschel observations of Extra-Ordinary Sources: H2S as a Probe of Dense Gas and Possibly Hidden Luminosity Toward the Orion KL Hot Core
- Infrared 3-4 Micron Spectroscopy of Infrared Luminous Galaxies with Possible Signatures of Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
- Resolved Structure of Arp 220 Nuclei at λ~3 mm
- ALMA Astrochemical Observations of the Infrared-Luminous Merger NGC 3256
- Bottlenecks to interstellar sulfur chemistry: Sulfur-bearing hydrides in UV-illuminated gas and grains
- On the Formation of Molecular Clumps in QSO Outflows
- Molecular-Cloud-Scale Chemical Composition II: Mapping Spectral Line Survey toward W3(OH) in the 3 mm Band
- Hidden or missing outflows in highly obscured galaxy nuclei?
- The radio core structure of the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 4418
- Escape, Accretion or Star Formation? The Competing Depleters of Gas in the Quasar Markarian 231
- ALMA resolves the remarkable molecular jet and rotating wind in the extremely radio-quiet galaxy NGC 1377
- Enhanced UV radiation and dense clumps in Mrk231's molecular outflow
- Luminous, pc-scale CO 6-5 emission in the obscured nucleus of NGC1377
- Shaping the envelope of the asymptotic giant branch star W43A with a collimated fast jet
- AGN-driven Cold Gas Outflow of NGC 1068 Characterized by Dissociation-Sensitive Molecules
- An ALCHEMI inspection of sulphur-bearing species towards the central molecular zone of NGC 253
- APEX and NOEMA observations of HS in nearby luminous galaxies and the ULIRG Mrk~231 -- Is there a relation between dense gas properties and molecular outflows?
- Sulfur-bearing molecules in a sample of early star-forming cores