Does the mid-infrared-hard X-ray luminosity relation for active galactic nuclei depend on Eddington ratio?

Abstract

We revisit the correlation between the mid-infrared (6 $\mu$m) and hard X-ray (2--10 keV) luminosities of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to understand the physics behind it. We construct an X-ray flux-limited sample of 571 type 1 AGNs with $f_{0.5-2.0\mathrm{keV}}>2.4\times 10^{-12}$ erg cm${}^{-2}$ s${}^{-1}$, drawn from the ROSAT Bright Survey catalog. Cross-matching the sample with infrared data taken from Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, we investigate the relation between the rest-frame 6 $\mu$m luminosity ($L_6$) and the rest-frame 2--10 keV luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{X}}$), where $L_6$ is corrected for the contamination of host galaxies by using the spectral energy distribution fitting technique. We confirm that $L_6$ and $L_{\mathrm{X}}$ are correlated over four orders of magnitude, in the range of $L_{\mathrm{X}}=10^{42-46}$ erg s${}^{-1}$. We investigate what kinds of physical parameters regulate this correlation. We find that $L_{\mathrm{X}}$/$L_6$ clearly depends on the Eddington ratio (${\lambda }_{\mathrm{Edd}}$) as $\log {\lambda }_{\mathrm{Edd}}=-(0.56\pm 0.10)\log (L_{\mathrm{X}}/L_6)-(1.07\pm 0.05)$, even taking into account quasars that are undetected by ROSAT as well as those detected by XMM-Newton in the literature. We also add hyper-luminous quasars with $L_6$ $>$ 10${}^{46}$ erg s${}^{-1}$ in the literature and perform a correlation analysis. The resultant correlation coefficient is $-0.41\pm 0.07$, indicating a moderately tight correlation between $L_{\mathrm{X}}$/$L_6$ and ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{Edd}}$. This means that AGNs with high Eddington ratios tend to have lower X-ray luminosities with respect to the mid-infrared luminosities. This dependence can be interpreted as a change in the structure of the accretion flow.

arXiv comment9 pages, 4 figures, and 2 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (64)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Galaxy Evolution Explorer: A Space Ultraviolet Survey Mission
• A Catalog of Quasar Properties from SDSS DR7
• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• Advection-Dominated Accretion and the Spectral States of Black Hole X-Ray Binaries: Application to Nova Muscae 1991
• CIGALE: a python Code Investigating GALaxy Emission
• Modelling the behaviour of accretion flows in X-ray binaries
• Analysis of galaxy SEDs from far-UV to far-IR with CIGALE: Studying a SINGS test sample
• The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys
• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• Revisiting the Infrared Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei with a New Torus Emission Model
• Star Formation and Dust Attenuation Properties in Galaxies from a Statistical UV-to-FIR Analysis
• Piecing Together the X-ray Background: Bolometric Corrections for Active Galactic Nuclei
• The X-ray to optical-UV luminosity ratio of X-ray selected Type 1 AGN in XMM-COSMOS
• The X-ray Properties of the Most-Luminous Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Resolving the mid-infrared cores of local Seyferts
• The close environments of accreting massive black holes are shaped by radiative feedback
• Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration
• The relation between AGN hard X-ray emission and mid-infrared continuum from ISO spectra: Scatter and unification aspects
• The Hard X-ray Spectrum as a Probe for Black-Hole Growth in Radio-Quiet Active Galactic Nuclei
• A physical model of the broadband continuum of AGN and its implications for the UV/X relation and optical variability
• Constraining the properties of AGN host galaxies with Spectral Energy Distribution modeling
• Chasing highly obscured QSOs in the COSMOS field
• A statistical relation between the X-ray spectral index and Eddington ratio of active galactic nuclei in deep surveys
• The First Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxy Discovered by WISE
• The SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: The Quasar Luminosity Function from Data Release Nine
• The WISSH Quasars Project I. Powerful ionised outflows in hyper-luminous quasars
• The subarcsecond mid-infrared view of local active galactic nuclei: II. The mid-infrared--X-ray correlation
• The Pan-STARRS Data Processing System
• Submillimeter Follow-up of WISE-Selected Hyperluminous Galaxies
• Pan-STARRS Pixel Processing: Detrending, Warping, Stacking
• A combined Optical and X-ray Spectra Study for Type 1 AGN. III. Broadband SED Properties
• The X-Ray to Mid-Infrared Relation of AGN at High Luminosity
• The Swift/BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey (BASS) -- VI. The Gamma_X - L/L_Edd relation
• The Toroidal Obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection and Characterization
• Extremely Red Quasars in BOSS
• The mid IR -- hard X-ray correlation in AGN and its implications for dusty torus models
• Revisiting the relationship between 6 μm and 2-10 keV continuum luminosities of AGN
• Extremely Red Quasars from SDSS, BOSS and WISE: Classification of Optical Spectra
• The Complete Infrared View of Active Galactic Nuclei from the 70-month Swift/BAT Catalog
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - XI. The Covering Factor of Dust and Gas in Swift/BAT Active Galactic Nuclei
• Mid and Far Infrared Properties of a Complete Sample of Local AGNs
• The WISSH Quasars Project III. X-ray properties of hyper-luminous quasars
• X-ray spectral properties of the AGN sample in the northern XMM-XXL field
• The WISSH quasars Project: II. Giant star nurseries in hyper-luminous quasars
• Luminosity and Redshift Dependence of the Covering Factor of AGNs viewed with WISE and SDSS
• [O III]$\lambda 5007$ and X-ray Properties of a Complete Sample of Hard X-ray Selected AGNs in the Local Universe
• Revealing X-ray obscured quasars in SWIRE sources with extreme mid-IR/optical flux ratios
• NuSTAR observations of WISE J1036+0449, a Galaxy at z$\sim 1$ obscured by hot dust
• Heavy X-ray obscuration in the most-luminous galaxies discovered by WISE
• Quasar Probabilities and Redshifts from WISE mid-IR through GALEX UV Photometry
• The X-ray and Mid-Infrared luminosities in Luminous Type 1 Quasars
• High redshift extremely red quasars in X-rays
• The ROSAT BRIGHT survey: I. Identification of an AGN sample with hard ROSAT X-ray spectra
• Determining the torus covering factors for a sample of type 1 AGN in the local Universe
• Infrared and hard X-ray diagnostics of AGN identification from the Swift/BAT and AKARI all-sky surveys
• The infrared to X-ray correlation spectra of unobscured type 1 active galactic nuclei
• X-ray and infrared diagnostics of nearby active galactic nuclei with MAXI and AKARI

Cited by in corpus (23)

• The Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) I. ALMA images of dusty molecular tori in Seyfert galaxies
• RUBIES: JWST/NIRSpec Confirmation of an Infrared-luminous, Broad-line Little Red Dot with an Ionized Outflow
• Comprehensive Broadband X-ray and Multiwavelength Study of Active Galactic Nuclei in Local 57 Ultra/luminous Infrared Galaxies Observed with NuSTAR and/or Swift/BAT
• How does the Polar Dust affect the Correlation between Dust Covering Factor and Eddington Ratio in Type 1 Quasars Selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 16?
• X-ray Observations of Luminous Dusty Quasars at z > 2
• Search for Optically Dark Infrared Galaxies without Counterparts of Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Wide Survey Field
• A Wide and Deep Exploration of Radio Galaxies with Subaru HSC (WERGS). II. Physical Properties derived from the SED Fitting with Optical, Infrared, and Radio Data
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): A multiwavelength view of WISE mid-infrared galaxies/active galactic nuclei
• Deciphering the imprint of AGN feedback in Seyfert galaxies: Nuclear-scale molecular gas deficits
• Hard X-Ray to Radio Multiwavelength SED Analysis of Local U/LIRGs in GOALS Sample with Self-consistent AGN Model Including Polar-dust Component
• NuSTAR Discovery of a Compton-thick Dust-obscured Galaxy WISE J0825+3002
• Nature of Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in "Non-merging'' Luminous Infrared Galaxies UGC 2608 and NGC 5135 Revealed with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy
• SOFIA/HAWC+ View of an Extremely Luminous Infrared Galaxy, WISE1013+6112
• Black Hole and Galaxy Coevolution in Moderately Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei at z~1.4 in SXDF
• Comparison of SEDs of very massive radio-loud and radio-quiet AGN
• Luminosity Ratio between [O IV] 25.89 um Line and Nuclear Continuum 12 um as Diagnostic for "Buried" AGN
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): The first archetypal Quasar in the feedback phase discovered by eROSITA
• Surprisingly Strong K-band Emission Found in Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): An X-ray bright, extremely luminous infrared galaxy at z = 1.87
• Optical IFU Observations of GOALS Sample with KOOLS-IFU on Seimei Telescope: Initial results of 9 U/LIRGs at $z<$ 0.04
• NuSTAR Non-detection of a Faint Active Galactic Nucleus in an Ultraluminous IR Galaxy with Kpc-scale Fast Wind
• H1821+643: The most X-ray and infrared luminous AGN in the Swift/BAT survey in the process of rapid stellar and supermassive black hole mass assembly
• The X-ray statistical properties of dust-obscured galaxies detected by eROSITA