NuSTAR observations of WISE J1036+0449, a Galaxy at z$\sim 1$ obscured by hot dust

Abstract

Hot, Dust-Obscured Galaxies (Hot DOGs), selected from the WISE all sky infrared survey, host some of the most powerful Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) known, and might represent an important stage in the evolution of galaxies. Most known Hot DOGs are at $z>1.5$, due in part to a strong bias against identifying them at lower redshift related to the selection criteria. We present a new selection method that identifies 153 Hot DOG candidates at $z\sim 1$, where they are significantly brighter and easier to study. We validate this approach by measuring a redshift $z=1.009$, and an SED similar to higher redshift Hot DOGs for one of these objects, WISE J1036+0449 ($L_{\mathrm{Bol}}\simeq 8\times 10^{46}\mathrm{erg}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$), using data from Keck/LRIS and NIRSPEC, SDSS, and CSO. We find evidence of a broadened component in MgII, which, if due to the gravitational potential of the supermassive black hole, would imply a black hole mass of $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\simeq 2\times 10^8{M}_{\odot }$, and an Eddington ratio of ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{Edd}}\simeq 2.7$. WISE J1036+0449 is the first Hot DOG detected by NuSTAR, and the observations show that the source is heavily obscured, with a column density of $N_{\mathrm{H}}\simeq (2-15)\times 10^{23}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$. The source has an intrinsic 2-10 keV luminosity of $\sim 6\times 10^{44}\mathrm{erg}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$, a value significantly lower than that expected from the mid-infrared/X-ray correlation. We also find that the other Hot DOGs observed by X-ray facilities show a similar deficiency of X-ray flux. We discuss the origin of the X-ray weakness and the absorption properties of Hot DOGs. Hot DOGs at $z\lesssim 1$ could be excellent laboratories to probe the characteristics of the accretion flow and of the X-ray emitting plasma at extreme values of the Eddington ratio.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in ApJ, 16 pages

References in corpus (116)

• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• The Host Galaxies of AGN
• On the Absorption of X-rays in the Interstellar Medium
• The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• The Swift X-ray Telescope
• The slope of the black-hole mass versus velocity dispersion correlation
• The Eleventh and Twelfth Data Releases of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Final Data from SDSS-III
• The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) Mission
• A Unified, Merger-Driven Model for the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X-Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxy Spheroids
• Bayes in the sky: Bayesian inference and model selection in cosmology
• Submillimeter Galaxies
• AGN Dusty Tori: II. Observational Implications of Clumpiness
• Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• AGN Dusty Tori: I. Handling of Clumpy Media
• An X-ray Spectral Model for Compton-Thick Toroidal Reprocessors
• Piecing Together the X-ray Background: Bolometric Corrections for Active Galactic Nuclei
• The XMM-Newton view of PG quasars I. X-ray continuum and absorption
• Dust Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei
• Spitzer Quasar and ULIRG Evolution Study (QUEST). IV. Comparison of 1-Jy Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with Palomar-Green Quasars
• The dust covering factor in active galactic nuclei
• The X-ray to optical-UV luminosity ratio of X-ray selected Type 1 AGN in XMM-COSMOS
• The X-ray Properties of the Most-Luminous Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Defining the intrinsic AGN infrared spectral energy distribution and measuring its contribution to the infrared output of composite galaxies
• The X-ray Spectral Properties of SCUBA Galaxies
• Three-dimensional radiative transfer modeling of AGN dusty tori as a clumpy two-phase medium
• Dust in active nuclei. I. Evidence for "anomalous" properties
• Major Galaxy Mergers Only Trigger the Most Luminous AGN
• Simultaneous X-ray/optical/UV snapshots of active galactic nuclei from XMM-Newton: spectral energy distributions for the reverberation mapped sample
• Resolving the mid-infrared cores of local Seyferts
• An XMM-Newton spectral survey of 12 micron selected galaxies. I. X-ray data
• Compton-thick Accretion in the local Universe
• The relation between AGN hard X-ray emission and mid-infrared continuum from ISO spectra: Scatter and unification aspects
• A Significant Population of Very Luminous Dust-Obscured Galaxies at Redshift z ~ 2
• Calibration of the NuSTAR High Energy Focusing X-ray Telescope
• Discovery of a relation between black hole mass and soft X-ray time lags in active galactic nuclei
• Evidence for Quasar Activity Triggered by Galaxy Mergers in HST Observations of Dust-reddened Quasars
• Starburst and AGN activity in ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• The Hard X-ray Spectral Slope as an Accretion-Rate Indicator in Radio-Quiet Active Galactic Nuclei
• Chasing highly obscured QSOs in the COSMOS field
• The innermost region of AGN tori: implications from the HST/NICMOS Type 1 point sources and near-IR reverberation
• A statistical relation between the X-ray spectral index and Eddington ratio of active galactic nuclei in deep surveys
• The dusty heart of nearby active galaxies -- II. From clumpy torus models to physical properties of dust around AGN
• Three-dimensional radiative transfer models of clumpy tori in Seyfert galaxies
• The First Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxy Discovered by WISE
• The subarcsecond mid-infrared view of local active galactic nuclei: II. The mid-infrared--X-ray correlation
• Half of the Most Luminous Quasars May Be Obscured: Investigating the Nature of WISE-Selected Hot, Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• The obscuration by dust of most of the growth of supermassive black holes
• A remarkably flat relationship between the average star formation rate and AGN luminosity for distant X-ray AGN
• Spitzer Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Infrared Luminous Galaxies at z~2 I: the Spectra
• Comparing and calibrating black hole mass estimators for distant active galactic nuclei
• The Cores of the Fe K$\alpha$ Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei: an Extended Chandra High Energy Grating Sample
• Relativistic iron K X-ray Reverberation in NGC 4151
• A Spitzer IRS Low-Resolution Spectroscopic Search for Buried AGNs in Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies - A Constraint on Geometry between Energy Sources and Dust -
• The Most Luminous Galaxies Discovered by WISE
• Submillimeter Follow-up of WISE-Selected Hyperluminous Galaxies
• The FIRST-2MASS Red Quasar Survey
• NuSTAR Spectroscopy of Multi-Component X-ray Reflection from NGC 1068
• The X-Ray to Mid-Infrared Relation of AGN at High Luminosity
• The 2-79 keV X-ray Spectrum of the Circinus Galaxy with NuSTAR, XMM-Newton and Chandra: a Fully Compton-Thick AGN
• Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Observations of Luminous, Heavily Obscured, WISE-Selected Quasars at z ~ 2
• A New Population of Compton-Thick AGN Identified Using the Spectral Curvature Above 10 keV
• The NuSTAR View of Nearby Compton-thick AGN: The Cases of NGC 424, NGC 1320 and IC 2560
• Revisiting the relationship between 6 μm and 2-10 keV continuum luminosities of AGN
• The most-luminous heavily-obscured quasars have a high merger fraction: morphological study of WISE-selected hot dust-obscured galaxies
• Heavily Reddened Quasars at z~2 in the UKIDSS Large Area Survey: A Transitional Phase in AGN Evolution
• {\it NuSTAR} Reveals an Intrinsically X-ray Weak Broad Absorption Line Quasar in the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy Markarian 231
• Reflection in Seyfert Galaxies and the Unified Model of AGN
• The Fifth Data Release Sloan Digital Sky Survey/XMM-Newton Quasar Survey
• Mid and Far Infrared Properties of a Complete Sample of Local AGNs
• Iron K$\alpha$ emission in type-I and type-II Active Galactic Nuclei
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Survey: A First Sensitive Look at the High-Energy Cosmic X-ray Background Population
• A New Population of High Redshift, Dusty Lyman-Alpha Emitters and Blobs Discovered by WISE
• Heavy X-ray Absorption in Soft X-ray Weak Active Galactic Nuclei
• On the relation of optical obscuration and X-ray absorption in Seyfert galaxies
• IC 751: a new changing-look AGN discovered by NuSTAR
• Weak Hard X-ray Emission from Broad Absorption Line Quasars: Evidence for Intrinsic X-ray Weakness
• NuSTAR unveils a Compton-thick Type 2 quasar in Mrk 34
• The Strikingly Uniform, Highly Turbulent Interstellar Medium of the Most Luminous Galaxy in the Universe
• NuSTAR Reveals Extreme Absorption in z < 0.5 Type 2 Quasars
• Revealing X-ray obscured quasars in SWIRE sources with extreme mid-IR/optical flux ratios
• Isotropic Mid-Infrared Emission from the Central 100 pc of Active Galaxies
• Broadband Observations of the Compton-thick Nucleus of NGC 3393
• The dust sublimation radius as an outer envelope to the bulk of the narrow Fe Kalpha line emission in Type 1 AGN
• Submillimetre observations of WISE-selected high-redshift, luminous, dusty galaxies
• Weak Hard X-ray Emission from Two Broad Absorption Line Quasars Observed with NuSTAR: Compton-thick Absorption or Intrinsic X-ray Weakness?
• Hot Dust Obscured Galaxies with Excess Blue Light: Dual AGN or Single AGN Under Extreme Conditions?
• A Comparison of X-ray and Mid-Infrared Selection of Obscured AGN
• NuSTAR Observations of the Compton-thick Active Galactic Nucleus and Ultraluminous X-ray Source Candidate in NGC 5643
• X-Ray Properties of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies with Very Small Broad-Line Widths
• On how much X-ray and UV radiation processes are coupled in accretion disks: AGN case
• Infrared spectral energy distribution decomposition of WISE-selected, hyperluminous hot dust-obscured galaxies
• Hyper-luminous Dust Obscured Galaxies discovered by the Hyper Suprime-Cam on Subaru and WISE
• The hard X-ray emission of the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6240 as observed by NuSTAR
• New High-Redshift Radio Galaxies from the MIT-Green Bank Catalog
• The hidden quasar nucleus of a WISE-selected, hyperluminous, dust-obscured galaxy at z ~ 2.3
• Search for Hyper Infrared-Luminous Dust Obscured Galaxies selected with WISE and SDSS
• Submillimetre observations of WISE/radio-selected AGN and their environments
• A growth-rate indicator for Compton-thick active galactic nuclei
• Interferometric Follow-Up of WISE Hyper-Luminous Hot, Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• A New Sample of Candidate Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Selected by X-ray Variability
• NuSTAR unveils a heavily obscured low-luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6286
• HerMES: Spectral Energy Distributions of Submillimeter Galaxies at z >4
• NuSTAR J033202-2746.8: direct constraints on the Compton reflection in a heavily obscured quasar at z~2
• A Spectroscopic Survey of WISE-selected Obscured Quasars with the Southern African Large Telescope
• A Compton thick AGN in the barred spiral NGC 4785
• Peering through the Dust: NuSTAR Observations of Two FIRST-2MASS Red Quasars
• The Geometry of the Infrared and X-ray Obscurer in a Dusty Hyperluminous Quasar
• Low-Mass Active Galactic Nuclei with Rapid X-Ray Variability
• Suzaku Follow-up of Heavily Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei Detected in Swift/BAT Survey: NGC 1106, UGC 03752, and NGC 2788A
• Chandra X-ray observations of the hyper-luminous infrared galaxy IRAS F15307+3252
• On the Black Hole Masses In Ultra-luminous X-ray Sources

Cited by in corpus (54)

• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - V. X-ray properties of the Swift/BAT 70-month AGN catalog
• Growing supermassive black holes in the late stages of galaxy mergers are heavily obscured
• The X-ray properties of $z>6$ quasars: no evident evolution of accretion physics in the first Gyr of the Universe
• X-Ray Spectral Model from Clumpy Torus and Its Application to Circinus Galaxy
• A hard X-ray view of Luminous and Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS: I - AGN obscuration along the merger sequence
• Polar Dust, Nuclear Obscuration and IR SED Diversity in Type-1 AGNs
• ALMA detections of CO emission in the most luminous, heavily dust-obscured quasars at z>3
• Heavy X-ray obscuration in the most-luminous galaxies discovered by WISE
• Comprehensive Broadband X-ray and Multiwavelength Study of Active Galactic Nuclei in Local 57 Ultra/luminous Infrared Galaxies Observed with NuSTAR and/or Swift/BAT
• Eddington-Limited Accretion in z~2 WISE-selected Hot, Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• BASS XXXVII: The role of radiative feedback in the growth and obscuration properties of nearby supermassive black holes
• The X-ray and Mid-Infrared luminosities in Luminous Type 1 Quasars
• Luminous WISE-selected Obscured, Unobscured, and Red Quasars in Stripe 82
• Host galaxies of high-redshift extremely red and obscured quasars
• CO Emission in Infrared-Selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• High redshift extremely red quasars in X-rays
• X-ray Observations of Luminous Dusty Quasars at z > 2
• Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies with Excess Blue Light
• Does the mid-infrared-hard X-ray luminosity relation for active galactic nuclei depend on Eddington ratio?
• Super-Eddington Accretion in the WISE-Selected Extremely Luminous Infrared Galaxy W2246-0526
• Spectral Classification and Ionized Gas Outflows in $z\sim 2$ WISE-Selected Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• Radio and Far-IR Emission Associated with a Massive Star-forming Galaxy Candidate at z$\simeq$6.8: A Radio-Loud AGN in the Reionization Era?
• Hard X-Ray to Radio Multiwavelength SED Analysis of Local U/LIRGs in GOALS Sample with Self-consistent AGN Model Including Polar-dust Component
• The hyperluminous Compton-thick $z\sim 2$ quasar nucleus of the hot DOG W1835+4355 observed by NuSTAR
• An Iwasawa-Taniguchi Effect for Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei
• NuSTAR Discovery of a Compton-thick Dust-obscured Galaxy WISE J0825+3002
• The Dust-to-Gas Ratio and the Role of Radiation Pressure in Luminous, Obscured Quasars
• High-resolution VLA Imaging of Obscured Quasars: Young Radio Jets Caught in a Dense ISM
• Discovery of an extremely-luminous dust-obscured galaxy observed with SDSS, WISE, JCMT, and SMA
• Chandra reveals a luminous Compton-thick QSO powering a $Ly\alpha$ blob in a $z=4$ starbursting protocluster
• The SCUBA-2 850 $\mu m$ follow-up of WISE-selected, luminous dust-obscured quasars
• X-ray properties of dust-obscured galaxies with broad optical/UV emission lines
• Peering through the dust II: $XMM-Newton$ observations of two additional FIRST-2MASS red quasars
• NuSTAR and Keck Observations of Heavily Obscured Quasars Selected by WISE
• The Accretion History of AGN: A Newly Defined Population of Cold Quasars
• Hypercubes of AGN Tori (HYPERCAT) -- I. Models and Image Morphology
• Fast SMBH growth in the SPT2349--56 protocluster at $z=4.3$
• The hyperluminous, dust-obscured quasar W2246-0526 at z=4.6: detection of parsec-scale radio activity
• X-ray analysis of SDSS J165202.60+172852.4, an obscured quasar with outflows at peak galaxy formation epoch
• The Most Obscured AGNs in the XMM-SERVS Fields
• An overdensity of red galaxies around the hyperluminous dust-obscured quasar W1835$+$4355 at $z=2.3$
• Physical properties of hyperluminous, dust-obscured quasars at $z\sim 3$: multiwavelength Spectral Energy Distribution analysis and cold gas content revealed by ALMA
• Alma Reveals A Gas-rich, Maximum-starburst In The Hyperluminous, Dust-obscured Quasar W0533-3401 AT $z\sim 2.9$
• Accretion and Obscuration in Merger-Dominated Luminous Red Quasars
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): An X-ray bright, extremely luminous infrared galaxy at z = 1.87
• Discovery of a Low-Redshift Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxy
• Dying of the Light: An X-ray Fading Cold Quasar at z ~ 0.405
• Infrared spectroscopic confirmation of z~2 photometrically-selected obscured quasars
• Searching for Low-Redshift Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• H1821+643: The most X-ray and infrared luminous AGN in the Swift/BAT survey in the process of rapid stellar and supermassive black hole mass assembly
• Nature of hard X-ray (3-24 keV) detected luminous infrared galaxies in the COSMOS field
• Astro2020 Science White Paper: Black Hole Growth in Mergers and Dual AGN
• The X-ray statistical properties of dust-obscured galaxies detected by eROSITA
• Cold Quasar Investigation: Comparing Star Formation Rates to Black Hole Growth