RAIKOU: A General Relativistic, Multi-wavelength Radiative Transfer Code

Abstract

We present a general relativistic, ray-tracing radiative transfer code RAIKOU for multi-wavlength studies of spectra and images including the black hole shadows around Kerr black holes. Important radiative processes in hot plasmas around black holes, i.e., (cyclo-)synchrotron, bremsstrahlung emission/absorption and Compton/inverse-Compton scattering, are incorporated. The Maxwell-Jüttner and single/broken power-law electron distribution functions are implemented to calculate the radiative transfer via both of the thermal and the nonthermal electrons. Two calculation algorithms are implemented for studies of both the images and broadband spectra. An observer-to-emitter algorithm, which inversely solve the radiative transfer equation from the observer screen to emitting plasmas, is suitable for efficient calculations of the images, e.g., the black hole shadows, and spectra without the Compton effects. On the other hand, an emitter-to-observer algorithm, by which photons are transported with a Monte-Carlo method including the effects of Compton/inverse-Compton scatterings, enables us to compute multi-wavelength spectra with their energy bands broadly ranging from radio to very-high-energy gamma-ray. The code is generally applicable to accretion flows around Kerr black holes with relativistic jets and winds/coronae with various mass accretion rate (i.e., radiatively inefficient accretion flows, super-Eddington accretion flows, and others). We demonstrate an application of the code to a radiatively innefficent accretion flow onto a supermassive black hole.

arXiv comment26 pages, 12 figures, submitted to ApJ

References in corpus (75)

• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
• Advection-Dominated Accretion: A Self-Similar Solution
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole
• Advection-Dominated Accretion: Underfed Black Holes and Neutron Stars
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
• Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring
• Efficient Generation of Jets from Magnetically Arrested Accretion on a Rapidly Spinning Black Hole
• Viewing the Shadow of the Black Hole at the Galactic Center
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration
• Nonthermal Electrons in Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flow Models of Sagittarius A*
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Magnetic Field Structure near The Event Horizon
• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole
• GRMHD Simulations of Magnetized Advection Dominated Accretion on a Non-Spinning Black Hole: Role of Outflows
• Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from a Distant Quasar: How Transparent Is the Universe?
• Universal Interferometric Signatures of a Black Hole's Photon Ring
• General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the jet in M87
• The Formation and Evolution of Massive Black Holes
• Radiative Models of Sgr A* from GRMHD Simulations
• Shapes and Positions of Black Hole Shadows in Accretion Disks and Spin Parameters of Black Holes
• Swift observations of the very intense flaring activity of Mrk 421 during 2006: I. Phenomenological picture of electron acceleration and predictions for the MeV/GeV emission
• Stochastic Acceleration and the Evolution of Spectral Distributions in SSC Sources: A Self Consistent Modeling of Blazars' Flares
• High Resolution Linear Polarimetric Imaging for the Event Horizon Telescope
• Interferometric Imaging Directly with Closure Phases and Closure Amplitudes
• Imaging Optically-Thin Hot Spots Near the Black Hole Horizon of Sgr A* at Radio and Near-Infrared Wavelengths
• Photon Rings around Kerr and Kerr-like Black Holes
• Spectrum of Optically Thin Advection Dominated Accretion Flow around a Black Hole: Application to Sgr A*
• Log-parabolic spectra and particle acceleration in blazars. III: SSC emission in the TeV band from Mkn 501
• A public code for general relativistic, polarised radiative transfer around spinning black holes
• Observing the Inner Shadow of a Black Hole: A Direct View of the Event Horizon
• Energy, momentum and mass outflows and feedback from thick accretion discs around rotating black holes
• Black hole lightning due to particle acceleration at subhorizon scales
• Sagittarius A* Accretion Flow and Black Hole Parameters from General Relativistic Dynamical and Polarized Radiative Modeling
• Hybrid Thermal-Nonthermal Synchrotron Emission from Hot Accretion Flows
• Simulating the Emission and Outflows from Accretion Disks
• The size of the jet launching region in M87
• Plasma diagnostic potential of 2p4f in N${}^{+}$ -- accurate wavelengths and oscillator strengths
• The Power of Imaging: Constraining the Plasma Properties of GRMHD Simulations using EHT Observations of Sgr A*
• Harmony in Electrons: Cyclotron and Synchrotron Emission by Thermal Electrons in a Magnetic Field
• A General Relativistic Null Hypothesis Test with Event Horizon Telescope Observations of the black-hole shadow in Sgr A*
• grmonty: a Monte Carlo Code for Relativistic Radiative Transport
• General relativistic radiative transfer: formulation and emission from structured tori around black holes
• X-ray Spectra from MHD Simulations of Accreting Black Holes
• Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
• Faraday rotation in GRMHD simulations of the jet launching zone of M87
• General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical $\kappa$-jet models for Sgr A*
• Particle Acceleration and the Origin of X-ray Flares in GRMHD simulations of Sgr A*
• Formation of Overheated Regions and Truncated Disks around Black Holes; Three-dimensional General Relativistic Radiation-magnetohydrodynamics Simulations
• Spectra of Black Hole Accretion Models of Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources
• A Thermal Bremsstrahlung Model For the Quiescent X-ray Emission from Sagittarius A*
• GRRMHD Simulations of Tidal Disruption Event Accretion Disks around Supermassive Black Holes: Jet Formation, Spectra, and Detectability
• Probing the magnetic field structure in Sgr A* on Black Hole Horizon Scales with Polarized Radiative Transfer Simulations
• Sgr A* X-ray flares from non-thermal particle acceleration in a magnetically arrested disc
• A Monte Carlo Code for Relativistic Radiation Transport Around Kerr Black Holes
• Odyssey: A Public GPU-Based Code for General-Relativistic Radiative Transfer in Kerr Spacetime
• General relativistic MHD simulations of non-thermal flaring in Sagittarius A*
• Evolving Nonthermal Electrons in Simulations of Black Hole Accretion
• The Effects of Accretion Flow Dynamics on the Black Hole Shadow of Sagittarius A${}^{\ast }$
• Monitoring of the radio galaxy M87 during a low emission state from 2012 to 2015 with MAGIC
• The Effects of Magnetic Fields and Inhomogeneities on Accretion Disk Spectra and Polarization
• Black Hole Glimmer Signatures of Mass, Spin, and Inclination
• Pair Drizzle around Sub-Eddington Supermassive Black Holes
• Black Hole Spin Signature in the Black Hole Shadow of M87 in the Flaring State
• Theoretical modeling of Comptonized X-ray spectra of super-Eddington accretion flow: origin of hard excess in Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources
• The high energy universe at ultra-high resolution: the power and promise of X-ray interferometry
• The impact of non-thermal electrons on event horizon scale images and spectra of Sgr A*
• The intrinsic structure of Sagittarius A* at 1.3 cm and 7 mm
• Spectral properties of Three-dimensional Magneto-hydrodynamical Accretion Flows
• X-ray Emissions from Three-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Coronal Accretion Flows
• A Jet-Bases Emission Model of the EHT 2017 Image of M87*
• Polarization images of accretion flow around supermassive black holes: imprints of toroidal field structure
• Polarization Imaging of M87 Jets by General Relativistic Radiative Transfer Calculation based on GRMHD Simulations
• Bremsstrahlung in GRMHD models of accreting black holes
• What Determines Unique Spectra of Super-Eddington Accretors?: Origin of Optically Thick and Low Temperature Coronae in Super-Eddington Accretion Flows

Cited by in corpus (5)

• Precessing jet nozzle connecting to a spinning black hole in M87
• Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2018 EHT Campaign including a Very High Energy Flaring Episode
• Explicit symplectic integrators with adaptive time steps in curved spacetimes
• Gravitational Faraday rotation of light propagation in the Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT space-time
• $\text{GPUmonty}$: A GPU-accelerated relativistic Monte Carlo radiative transfer code