Shadows of black hole surrounded by anisotropic fluid in Rastall theory

Abstract

Due to the gravitational lensing effect, a black hole casts a shadow larger than its horizon over a bright background, and the shape and size can be calculated. The Event Horizon Telescope collaboration has produced the first direct image (shadow) of the black hole and it is in accordance with the shadow of a Kerr black hole of general relativity. However, deviations from the Kerr black hole arising from modified theories of gravity are not ruled out and they are important as they offer an arena to test these theories through astrophysical observation. This stimulates us to investigate rotating black holes surrounded by anisotropic fluid in Rastall theory namely a rotating Rastall black hole, which is characterized by mass $M$, spin $a$, field structure parameter $N_s$ and the Rastall parameter $\psi$. It encompasses, as special cases, Kerr ($N_s\to 0$) and Kerr-Newman ($s=0$ and $N_s=-Q^2$) black holes. The rotating Rastall black hole is characterized by an additional cosmological-like horizon apart from Cauchy and event horizons. We derive an analytical formula for the shadow of a rotating Rastall black hole and go on to visualize the shadow of black holes for various values of the parameters for an observer at a given coordinate ($r_O,{\theta }_O$) in the domain $[r_{+},r_q]$.

17 pages, 10 figures, and 2 tables. Published in Physics of the Dark Universe

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Cited by in corpus (26)

• Horizon-scale tests of gravity theories and fundamental physics from the Event Horizon Telescope image of Sagittarius A${}^{\ast }$
• Tests of Loop Quantum Gravity from the Event Horizon Telescope Results of Sgr A${}^{\ast }$
• Testing Horndeski Gravity from EHT Observational Results for Rotating Black Holes
• Investigating Loop Quantum Gravity with EHT Observational Effects of Rotating Black holes
• Shadow and Photon Sphere of Black Hole in Clouds of Strings and Quintessence
• Quasinormal Modes of Non-Linearly Charged Black Holes surrounded by a Cloud of Strings in Rastall Gravity
• Observable characteristics of the charged black hole surrounded by thin disk accretion in Rastall gravity
• Study of circular geodesics and shadow of rotating charged black hole surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter immersed in plasma
• Estimating the cosmological constant from shadows of Kerr--de Sitter black holes
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• Kerr black hole surrounded by a cloud of strings and its weak gravitational lensing in Rastall gravity
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• Tunneling Analysis of Kerr-Newman Black Hole-Like Solution in Rastall Theory
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• Thermodynamics and Optical Properties of Phantom AdS Black Holes in Massive Gravity
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• Non-Singular Collapse Scenario From Matter-Curvature Coupling
• Modelling the Sgr A${}^{\ast }$ and M87${}^{\ast }$ shadows by using the Kerr-Taub-NUT metrics in the presence of a scalar field
• Lensing Stability and Scattering Phenomena in Anisotropic Black Hole Spacetimes in Plasma
• Light propagation around a Kerr-like black hole immersed in an inhomogeneous anisotropic plasma in Rastall gravity: Analytical solutions to the equations of motion
• Gravitational Collapse of an Inhomogeneous Fluid in Rastall Theory