Comparison of the ion-to-electron temperature ratio prescription: GRMHD simulations with electron thermodynamics

Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration, an Earth-size sub-millimetre radio interferometer, recently captured the first images of the central supermassive black hole in M87. These images were interpreted as gravitationally-lensed synchrotron emission from hot plasma orbiting around the black hole. In the accretion flows around low-luminosity active galactic nuclei such as M87, electrons and ions are not in thermal equilibrium. Therefore, the electron temperature, which is important for the thermal synchrotron radiation at EHT frequencies of 230 GHz, is not independently determined. In this work, we investigate the commonly used parameterised ion-to-electron temperature ratio prescription, the so-called R-$\beta$ model, considering images at 230 GHz by comparing with electron-heating prescriptions obtained from general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamical (GRMHD) simulations of magnetised accretion flows in a Magnetically Arrested Disc (MAD) regime with different recipes for the electron thermodynamics. When comparing images at 230 GHz, we find a very good match between images produced with the R-$\beta$ prescription and those produced with the turbulent- and magnetic reconnection- heating prescriptions. Indeed, this match is on average even better than that obtained when comparing the set of images built with the R-$\beta$ prescription with either a randomly chosen image or with a time-averaged one. From this comparative study of different physical aspects, which include the image, visibilities, broadband spectra, and light curves, we conclude that, within the context of images at 230 GHz relative to MAD accretion flows around supermassive black holes, the commonly-used and simple R-$\beta$ model is able to reproduce well the various and more complex electron-heating prescriptions considered here.

arXiv comment18 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (67)

• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
• Advection-Dominated Accretion: A Self-Similar Solution
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
• Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring
• Efficient Generation of Jets from Magnetically Arrested Accretion on a Rapidly Spinning Black Hole
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
• General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Magnetically Choked Accretion Flows around Black Holes
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration
• Event-horizon-scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at the Galactic Centre
• Magnetically Arrested Disk: An Energetically Efficient Accretion Flow
• GRMHD Simulations of Magnetized Advection Dominated Accretion on a Non-Spinning Black Hole: Role of Outflows
• A new method for shadow calculations: application to parameterised axisymmetric black holes
• The Structure and Dynamics of the Sub-parsec Scale Jet in M87 Based on 50 VLBA Observations Over 17 Years at 43 GHz
• The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project
• Radiatively Inefficient Accretion in Nearby Galaxies
• General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the jet in M87
• Radiative Models of Sgr A* from GRMHD Simulations
• An Unambiguous Detection of Faraday Rotation in Sagittarius A*
• The Current Ability to Test Theories of Gravity with Black Hole Shadows
• The Black Hole Accretion Code
• Interferometric Detection of Linear Polarization from Sagittarius A* at 230 GHz
• The Submillimeter Bump in Sgr A* from Relativistic MHD Simulations
• Prograde and Retrograde Black Holes: Whose Jet is More Powerful?
• Energy, momentum and mass outflows and feedback from thick accretion discs around rotating black holes
• Evidence for Low Black Hole Spin and Physically Motivated Accretion Models from Millimeter VLBI Observations of Sagittarius A*
• Sagittarius A* Accretion Flow and Black Hole Parameters from General Relativistic Dynamical and Polarized Radiative Modeling
• A prescription for the turbulent heating of astrophysical plasmas
• Two-temperature, Magnetically Arrested Disc simulations of the jet from the supermassive black hole in M87
• BlackHoleCam: fundamental physics of the Galactic center
• Simulating the Emission and Outflows from Accretion Disks
• The central parsecs of M87: jet emission and an elusive accretion disc
• Observational appearance of inefficient accretion flows and jets in 3D GRMHD simulations: Application to Sgr~A*
• The role of electron heating physics in images and variability of the Galactic Centre black hole Sagittarius A*
• The Disc-Jet Symbiosis Emerges: Modeling the Emission of Sagittarius A* with Electron Thermodynamics
• Estimating the Parameters of Sgr A*'s Accretion Flow Via Millimeter VLBI
• Thermal disequilibration of ions and electrons by collisionless plasma turbulence
• Measuring Mass Accretion Rate onto the Supermassive Black Hole in M 87 Using Faraday Rotation Measure with the Submillimeter Array
• Radiative, two-temperature simulations of low luminosity black hole accretion flows in general relativity
• Flares in the Galactic center I: orbiting flux tubes in Magnetically Arrested Black Hole Accretion Disks
• Frequency-Dependent Shift in the Image Centroid of the Black Hole at the Galactic Center as a Test of General Relativity
• Electron and proton heating in trans-relativistic magnetic reconnection
• Millimeter Flares and VLBI Visibilities from Relativistic Simulations of Magnetized Accretion onto the Galactic Center Black Hole
• Are Particles in Advection-Dominated Accretion Flows Thermal?
• Constrained transport and adaptive mesh refinement in the Black Hole Accretion Code
• General relativistic radiative transfer: formulation and emission from structured tori around black holes
• Evaluation of New Submillimeter VLBI Sites for the Event Horizon Telescope
• Modeling Seven Years of Event Horizon Telescope Observations with Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flow Models
• Modeling non-thermal emission from the jet-launching region of M 87 with adaptive mesh refinement
• General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical $\kappa$-jet models for Sgr A*
• Observational signatures of disk and jet misalignment in images of accreting black holes
• Two-Temperature GRRMHD Simulations of M87
• Probing the magnetic field structure in Sgr A* on Black Hole Horizon Scales with Polarized Radiative Transfer Simulations
• Fast Variability and mm/IR flares in GRMHD Models of Sgr A* from Strong-Field Gravitational Lensing
• A parameter survey of Sgr A* radiative models from GRMHD simulations with self-consistent electron heating
• The Radiative Efficiency and Spectra of Slowly Accreting Black Holes from Two-Temperature GRRMHD Simulations
• Odyssey: A Public GPU-Based Code for General-Relativistic Radiative Transfer in Kerr Spacetime
• Pilot KaVA monitoring on the M87 jet: confirming the inner jet structure and superluminal motions at sub-pc scales
• The Galactic Center Weather Forecast
• Studying Black Holes on Horizon Scales with VLBI Ground Arrays
• Electron and Proton Heating in Transrelativistic Guide Field Reconnection
• Probing the innermost accretion flow geometry of Sgr A* with Event Horizon Telescope
• On the Comparison of AGN with GRMHD Simulations: I. Sgr A*
• Using space-VLBI to probe gravity around Sgr A*
• Modelling the polarised emission from black holes on event horizon-scales
• The 1.4 mm core of Centaurus A: First VLBI results with the South Pole Telescope

Cited by in corpus (36)

• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IX. Detection of Near-horizon Circular Polarization
• State-of-the-art energetic and morphological modelling of the launching site of the M87 jet
• Reference Array and Design Consideration for the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope
• Magnetic reconnection and plasmoid formation in three-dimensional accretion flows around black holes
• General relativistic MHD simulations of non-thermal flaring in Sagittarius A*
• Black Hole Images as Tests of General Relativity: Effects of Plasma Physics
• Black Hole Polarimetry I: A Signature of Electromagnetic Energy Extraction
• Multi-frequency Black Hole Imaging for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope
• GRMHD Simulations and Modeling for Jet Formation and Acceleration Region in AGNs
• Observational Signatures of Frame Dragging in Strong Gravity
• Microphysical Plasma Relations from Special-relativistic Turbulence
• Temperature properties in magnetised and radiatively cooled two-temperature accretion flows onto a black hole
• Unraveling Twisty Linear Polarization Morphologies in Black Hole Images
• Using Machine Learning to Link Black Hole Accretion Flows with Spatially Resolved Polarimetric Observables
• Probing spacetime and accretion model for the Galactic Center: Comparison of Kerr and dilaton black hole shadows
• Two-Temperature GRMHD Simulations of Black Hole Accretion Flows with Multiple Magnetic Loops
• Accretion Flow Morphology in Numerical Simulations of Black Holes from the ngEHT Model Library: The Impact of Radiation Physics
• Multi-wavelength emission from magnetically arrested disks around isolated black holes
• Probing Plasma Physics with Spectral Index Maps of Accreting Black Holes on Event Horizon Scales
• Dynamics and Emission Properties of Flux Ropes from Two-Temperature GRMHD Simulations with Multiple Magnetic Loops
• Truncated accretion discs in black hole X-ray binaries: dynamics and variability signatures
• Impacts of nonthermal emission on the images of a black hole shadow and extended jets in two-temperature GRMHD simulations
• Illuminating Black Hole Shadow with Dark Matter Annihilation
• Deep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope II. The Zingularity framework for Bayesian artificial neural networks
• Forgotten treasures in the HST/FOC UV imaging polarimetric archives of active galactic nuclei III. Five years monitoring of M87
• Impact of the nonthermal electron radiation effects on the horizon scale image structure of Sagittarius A*
• Global resistive MHD accretion flows around spinning AGNs: impact of resistivity on MAD state
• Non-thermal Synchrotron Emission and Polarization Signatures during Black Hole Flux Eruptions
• Radiative Cooling Effects on Plasmoid Formation in Black Hole Accretion Flows with Multiple Magnetic Loops
• Polarization Signatures of Magnetic Reconnection Bubbles near Black Holes
• DoG-HiT: A novel VLBI Multiscale Imaging Approach
• Impact of non-thermal particles on the spectral and structural properties of M87
• Impacts of radiative cooling on the images of a black hole shadow and extended jets in two-temperature GRMHD simulations
• Investigating the Disk-Jet Structure in M87 through Flux Separation in the Linear and Circular Polarization Images
• The role of the thermal properties of electrons on the dispersion properties of Alfvén waves in space plasmas