State-of-the-art energetic and morphological modelling of the launching site of the M87 jet

Abstract

M87 has been the target of numerous astronomical observations across the electromagnetic spectrum and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) resolved an edge-brightened jet. However, the origin and formation of its jets remain unclear. In our current understand black holes (BH) are the driving engine of jet formation, and indeed the recent Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations revealed a ring-like structure in agreement with theoretical models of accretion onto a rotating Kerr BH. In addition to the spin of the BH being a potential source of energy for the launching mechanism, magnetic fields are believed to play a key role in the formation of relativistic jets. A priori, the spin, $a_{\star }$, of BH in M87* is unknown, however, when accounting for the estimates on the X-ray luminosity and jet power, values $\left|a_{\star }\right|\gtrsim 0.5$ appear favoured. Besides the properties of the accretion flow and the BH spin, the radiation microphysics including the particle distribution (thermal and non-thermal) as well as the particle acceleration mechanism play a crucial role. We show that general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations and general-relativistic radiative transfer calculations can reproduce the broadband spectrum from the radio to the near-infrared regime and simultaneously match the observed collimation profile of M87, thus allowing us to set rough constraints on the dimensionless spin of M87* to be $0.5\lesssim a_{\star }\lesssim 1.0$, with higher spins being possibly favoured.

18 pages, 10 figures

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Cited by in corpus (48)

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• Stringent axion constraints with Event Horizon Telescope polarimetric measurements of M87${}^{\star }$
• The Accretion flow in M87 is really MAD
• Black Hole Polarimetry I: A Signature of Electromagnetic Energy Extraction
• Modeling the inner part of the jet in M87: Confronting jet morphology with theory
• Photon Ring Astrometry for Superradiant Clouds
• Reconnection-driven flares in 3D black hole magnetospheres -- A scenario for hot spots around Sagittarius A*
• GRMHD Simulations and Modeling for Jet Formation and Acceleration Region in AGNs
• Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2018 EHT Campaign including a Very High Energy Flaring Episode
• Microphysical Plasma Relations from Special-relativistic Turbulence
• Temperature properties in magnetised and radiatively cooled two-temperature accretion flows onto a black hole
• Using Machine Learning to Link Black Hole Accretion Flows with Spatially Resolved Polarimetric Observables
• Probing spacetime and accretion model for the Galactic Center: Comparison of Kerr and dilaton black hole shadows
• Two-Temperature GRMHD Simulations of Black Hole Accretion Flows with Multiple Magnetic Loops
• Magnetic Reconnection in Black-Hole Magnetospheres: Lepton Loading into Jets, Superluminal Radio Blobs, and Multi-wavelength Flares
• 3D RMHD simulations of jet-wind interactions in High Mass X-ray Binaries
• Discovery of Limb Brightening in the Parsec-scale Jet of NGC 315 through Global Very Long Baseline Interferometry Observations and Its Implications for Jet Models
• Toward General-Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics Simulations in Stationary Non-Vacuum Spacetimes
• How Spatially Resolved Polarimetry Informs Black Hole Accretion Flow Models
• Probing Plasma Physics with Spectral Index Maps of Accreting Black Holes on Event Horizon Scales
• A hybrid approach to long-term binary neutron-star simulations
• Synchrotron intensity plots from a relativistic stratified jet
• Polarization Observations of AGN Jets: Past and Future
• A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope
• Magnetic field structure in the vicinity of a super-massive black hole in low luminosity galaxies: the case of Sgr A*
• Dynamics and Emission Properties of Flux Ropes from Two-Temperature GRMHD Simulations with Multiple Magnetic Loops
• Magnetically arrested disk flux eruption events to describe SgrA* flares
• Impacts of nonthermal emission on the images of a black hole shadow and extended jets in two-temperature GRMHD simulations
• Illuminating Black Hole Shadow with Dark Matter Annihilation
• Forward Ray Tracing and Hot Spots in Kerr Spacetime
• The impact of resistivity on the variability of black hole accretion flows
• Observational Constraints on Direct Electron Heating in the Hot Accretion Flows in Sgr A* and M87*
• Deep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope II. The Zingularity framework for Bayesian artificial neural networks
• The Details of Limb Brightening Reveal the Structure of the Base of the Jet in M\,87 for the First Time
• Origin of the ring ellipticity in the black hole images of M87*
• Forgotten treasures in the HST/FOC UV imaging polarimetric archives of active galactic nuclei III. Five years monitoring of M87
• Jet Archaeology and Forecasting: Image Variability and Magnetic Field Configuration
• The cylindrical jet base of M87 within 100$\mu \mathrm{as}$ of the central engine
• Non-thermal Synchrotron Emission and Polarization Signatures during Black Hole Flux Eruptions
• Jet MHD analytical model - framework for radiative transfer
• Modeling the shadow of Sgr A* through an eclipsing black hole
• FPIC: a new Particle-In-Cell code for stationary and axisymmetric black-hole spacetimes
• The azimuthal structure of magnetically arrested disks during flux eruption events
• Impacts of radiative cooling on the images of a black hole shadow and extended jets in two-temperature GRMHD simulations
• Magnetic field and plasma number density from radio and millimeter core measurements in AGN jets
• Probing the disk-jet coupling in M87
• Ergomagnetosphere, Ejection Disc, Magnetopause in M87. I Global Flow of Mass, Angular Momentum, Energy and Current