Impacts of radiative cooling on the images of a black hole shadow and extended jets in two-temperature GRMHD simulations

Abstract

The recent 230 GHz observations from the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration have successfully imaged the supermassive black hole shadow of the M87 galaxy. However, the relatively high radiative efficiency observed in the hot accretion flow suggests that radiative cooling is non-negligible and should be considered when calculating the electron temperature. In this study, we compare accretion models without and with radiative cooling across a range of mass accretion rates, ${\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{BH}}=(1.0-10)\times 10^{-6}{\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{Edd}}$, aiming to assess the impact of cooling on the disk structure, electron temperature distribution (eDF), black hole shadow morphology, broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and flux variability. We performed general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) calculations on two-temperature, radiative, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations, employing different electron heating prescriptions and nonthermal eDFs, analyzing the radiation transfer due to synchrotron emission at 230 GHz with inclination angle of $163^{\circ }$. These simulations are targeted toward M87${}^{\ast }$. By comparing density profiles, eDFs, GRRT images, SEDs, and time variability between models, we find that the radiative cooling sharply decreases the electron temperature in the dense inner disk around the equatorial plane ($r\lesssim 10r_{\mathrm{g}}$), while slightly reducing jet sheath temperature. Cooling leads to a dimmer disk, more extended and brighter jets, and reduced total flux. For a given accretion rate, cooling reduces the high-frequency flux. Time variability originates primarily from the midplane in both non-cooling and cooling cases and decreases as accretion rates rise. Although currently below the dynamic range of EHT observations, the features identified in this study could be resolved by next-generation arrays such as the ngEHT.

arXiv comment15 pages, 14 figures. Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Abstract shortened for arXiv compliance

References in corpus (65)

• Advection-Dominated Accretion: A Self-Similar Solution
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole
• Advection-Dominated Accretion: Underfed Black Holes and Neutron Stars
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
• Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring
• Efficient Generation of Jets from Magnetically Arrested Accretion on a Rapidly Spinning Black Hole
• General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Magnetically Choked Accretion Flows around Black Holes
• Relativistic Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei
• HARM: A Numerical Scheme for General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics
• Advection-Dominated Accretion: Self-Similarity and Bipolar Outflows
• Magnetically Arrested Disk: An Energetically Efficient Accretion Flow
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Magnetic Field Structure near The Event Horizon
• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole
• GRMHD Simulations of Magnetized Advection Dominated Accretion on a Non-Spinning Black Hole: Role of Outflows
• The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project
• Numerical simulations of super-critical black hole accretion flows in general relativity
• General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the jet in M87
• Radiative Models of Sgr A* from GRMHD Simulations
• The Current Ability to Test Theories of Gravity with Black Hole Shadows
• The Black Hole Accretion Code
• The Submillimeter Bump in Sgr A* from Relativistic MHD Simulations
• Broad-band X-ray/gamma-ray spectra and binary parameters of GX 339-4 and their astrophysical implications
• Prograde and Retrograde Black Holes: Whose Jet is More Powerful?
• Energy, momentum and mass outflows and feedback from thick accretion discs around rotating black holes
• A Numerical Method for General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics
• Sagittarius A* Accretion Flow and Black Hole Parameters from General Relativistic Dynamical and Polarized Radiative Modeling
• Two-temperature, Magnetically Arrested Disc simulations of the jet from the supermassive black hole in M87
• Parabolic Jets from the Spinning Black Hole in M87
• Simulating the Emission and Outflows from Accretion Disks
• Electron and Proton Acceleration in Trans-Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection: Dependence on Plasma Beta and Magnetization
• The central parsecs of M87: jet emission and an elusive accretion disc
• Observational appearance of inefficient accretion flows and jets in 3D GRMHD simulations: Application to Sgr~A*
• The role of electron heating physics in images and variability of the Galactic Centre black hole Sagittarius A*
• The Disc-Jet Symbiosis Emerges: Modeling the Emission of Sagittarius A* with Electron Thermodynamics
• Thermal disequilibration of ions and electrons by collisionless plasma turbulence
• Radiative, two-temperature simulations of low luminosity black hole accretion flows in general relativity
• Key Science Goals for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope
• Electron and proton heating in trans-relativistic magnetic reconnection
• Constrained transport and adaptive mesh refinement in the Black Hole Accretion Code
• General relativistic radiative transfer: formulation and emission from structured tori around black holes
• Pair Production in Low Luminosity Galactic Nuclei
• Modeling non-thermal emission from the jet-launching region of M 87 with adaptive mesh refinement
• General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical $\kappa$-jet models for Sgr A*
• State-of-the-art energetic and morphological modelling of the launching site of the M87 jet
• Hot One-Temperature Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
• Polarized Synchrotron Emissivities and Absorptivities for Relativistic Thermal, Power-Law, and Kappa Distribution Functions
• Two-Temperature GRRMHD Simulations of M87
• GRMHD simulations of accretion onto Sgr A*: How important are radiative losses?
• Black Hole Images as Tests of General Relativity: Effects of Spacetime Geometry
• A parameter survey of Sgr A* radiative models from GRMHD simulations with self-consistent electron heating
• Comparison of the ion-to-electron temperature ratio prescription: GRMHD simulations with electron thermodynamics
• Particle Acceleration during Magnetorotational Instability in a Collisionless Accretion Disk
• GR-MHD disk winds and jets from black holes and resistive accretion disks
• Jets, disc-winds and oscillations in general relativistic, magnetically driven flows around black hole
• Spectral and Imaging properties of Sgr A* from High-Resolution 3D GRMHD Simulations with Radiative Cooling
• Microphysical Plasma Relations from Special-relativistic Turbulence
• Temperature properties in magnetised and radiatively cooled two-temperature accretion flows onto a black hole
• Electron heating and acceleration by magnetic reconnection in hot accretion flows
• Survey of Radiative, Two-Temperature Magnetically Arrested Simulations of the Black Hole M87* I: Turbulent Electron Heating
• How Spatially Resolved Polarimetry Informs Black Hole Accretion Flow Models
• Adiabatic Index in Fluid Models of Collisionless Black Hole Accretion
• Impacts of nonthermal emission on the images of a black hole shadow and extended jets in two-temperature GRMHD simulations
• Turbulence and Magnetic Reconnection in Relativistic Multispecies Plasmas
• GRMHD simulations of black hole accretion variabilities: Implications to hard state X-ray binary transients