Shadow of slowly rotating Kalb-Ramond black holes

Abstract

Real astronomical objects possess spin, yet deriving exact solutions for rotating black holes within gravitational theories is a formidable challenge. To understand the shadow of rotating black holes in Lorentz-violating spacetimes induced by antisymmetric tensor fields, known as Kalb-Ramond (KR) fields, we have focused on the slow-rotation approximation framework. Using this approach, we have obtained first-order rotation series solutions, which describe slowly rotating KR black holes. For this solutions, we have plotted the black hole shadow contours under various parameters using the numerical backward ray-tracing method. As the Lorentz-violating parameter increases, not only the apparent size of the black hole shadow decreases, but also the effects of rotation, such as the D-shaped structure and frame-dragging, are amplified. Furthermore, the KR field also enhances gravitational lensing, causing the shadow to occupy a larger area within the photon ring. This distinctive feature can differentiate KR gravity from general relativity. Additionally, using the latest observational data from EHT on M87* and Sgr A*, we have provided constraints on the Lorentz-violating parameter of rotating KR black holes. We found that, compared to static black holes, rotating black holes allow for the presence of stronger Lorentz violation effects.

14 pages, 30 figures

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