Ultra-high energy cosmic rays with UFA-15 source model in Bumblebee gravity theory

Abstract

We explore the effects of Bumblebee gravity on the propagation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) using astrophysical sources modelled in the Unger-Farrar-Anchordoqui (UFA) framework (2015), which includes star formation rate (SFR), gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and active galactic nuclei (AGN). We compute the density enhancement factor for various source separations distances ($d_{\text{s}}$s) up to 100 Mpc within the Bumblebee gravity scenario. Additionally, we calculate the CRs flux and their suppression, goodness-of-fit values obtained from comparisons with observational data from the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO) and the Telescope Array experiment data for the flux and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for suppression. The anisotropy in the CRs arrival directions is examined, with corresponding goodness-of-fit values obtained from the PAO surface detector data (SD 750 and SD 1500). Finally, we present skymaps of flux and anisotropy under different model assumptions, providing insights into the observational signatures of UHECRs in Bumblebee gravity. We show that Bumblebee gravity stands as a viable cosmological model for explaining key observational features of UHECRs, including spectrum, composition and anisotropy. Our results show that increasing the Bumblebee gravity parameter $l$ enhances the density factor $\xi$, particularly at low energies, highlighting Lorentz violation's impact on CRs' propagation. Larger $d_{\text{s}}$ values amplify deviations from the $\Lambda$CDM model, with AGN sources dominating at high energies and GRB/SFR sources at lower energies. The skymaps indicate the structured flux patterns at large $d_{\text{s}}$ and structured anisotropies at higher energies.

21 pages, 12 figures

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