First Space-VLBI Observations of Sagittarius A*

Abstract

We report results from the first Earth-space VLBI observations of the Galactic Center supermassive black hole, Sgr A*. These observations used the space telescope Spektr-R of the RadioAstron project together with a global network of 20 ground telescopes, observing at a wavelength of 1.35cm. Spektr-R provided baselines up to 3.9 times the diameter of the Earth, corresponding to an angular resolution of approximately 55 microarcseconds and a spatial resolution of $5.5R_{\mathrm{Sch}}$ at the source, where $R_{\mathrm{Sch}}\equiv 2GM/c^2$ is the Schwarzschild radius of Sgr A*. Our short ground baseline measurements (<80 Mλ) are consistent with an anisotropic Gaussian image, while our intermediate ground baseline measurements (100-250 Mλ) confirm the presence of persistent image substructure in Sgr A*. Both features are consistent with theoretical expectations for strong scattering in the ionized interstellar medium, which produces Gaussian scatter-broadening on short baselines and refractive substructure on long baselines. We do not detect interferometric fringes on any of the longer ground baselines or on any ground-space baselines. While space VLBI offers a promising pathway to sharper angular resolution and the measurement of key gravitational signatures in black holes, such as their photon rings, our results demonstrate that space VLBI studies of Sgr A* will require sensitive observations at submillimeter wavelengths.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in ApJ Letters

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