Revisit the fundamental plane of black-hole activity from sub-Eddington to quiescent state

Abstract

It is very controversial whether radio--X-ray correlation as defined in LH state of XRBs can extend to quiescent state (e.g., X-ray luminosity less than a critical value of $L_{\mathrm{X},\mathrm{c}}\sim 10^{-5.5}{L}_{\mathrm{Edd}}$) or not. In this work, we collect a sample of XRBs and low luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) with wide distribution of Eddington ratios to reexplore the fundamental plane between 5 GHz radio luminosity, $L_{\mathrm{R}}$, 2-10 keV X-ray luminosity, $L_{\mathrm{X}}$, and black hole (BH) mass, $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$, namely $\log L_{\mathrm{R}}={\xi }_{\mathrm{X}}\log L_{\mathrm{X}}+{\xi }_{\mathrm{M}}\log M_{\mathrm{BH}}+\mathrm{constant}$. For the whole sample, we confirm the former fundamental plane of Merloni et al. and Falcke et al. that ${\xi }_{\mathrm{X}}\sim 0.6$ and ${\xi }_{\mathrm{M}}\sim 0.8$ even after including more quiescent BHs. The quiescent BHs follow the fundamental plane very well, and, however, FR I radio galaxies follow a steeper track comparing other BH sources. After excluding FR Is, we investigate the fundamental plane for BHs in quiescent state with $L_{\mathrm{X}}<L_{\mathrm{X},\mathrm{c}}$ and sub-Eddington BHs with $L_{\mathrm{X}}>L_{\mathrm{X},\mathrm{c}}$ respectively, and both subsamples have a similar slope, ${\xi }_{\mathrm{X}}\sim 0.6$, which support that quiescent BHs may behave similar to those in low-hard state. We further select two subsamples of AGNs with BH mass in a narrow range (FR Is with $M_{\mathrm{BH}}=10^{8.8\pm 0.4}$ and other LLAGNs with $M_{\mathrm{BH}}=10^{8.0\pm 0.4}$) to simulate the behavior of a single supermassive BH evolving from sub-Eddington to quiescent state. We find that the highly sub-Eddington sources with $L_{\mathrm{X}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}\sim 10^{-6}-10^{-9}$ still roughly stay on the extension of radio--X-ray correlation as defined by other sub-Eddington BHs. Our results are consistent with several recent observations in XRBs that the radio--X-ray correlation as defined in low-hard state can extend to highly sub-Eddington quiescent state.

8 pages, 3 figures, MNRAS 453,3447-3454, 2015

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