Virgo Filaments I: Processing of gas in cosmological filaments around the Virgo cluster

Abstract

Galaxies have different morphology, gas content and star formation rate (SFR) in dense environments like galaxy clusters. The impact of environmental density extends to several virial radii, and galaxies are pre-processed in filaments and groups, before falling into the cluster. Our goal is to quantify this pre-processing, in terms of gas content and SFR, as a function of density in cosmic filaments. We have observed the two first CO transitions in 163 galaxies with the IRAM-30m telescope, and added 82 more measurements from the literature, for a sample of 245 galaxies in the filaments around Virgo. We gathered HI-21cm measurements from the literature, and observed 69 galaxies with the Nançay telescope, to complete our sample. We compare our filament galaxies with comparable samples from the Virgo cluster and with the isolated galaxies of the AMIGA sample. We find a progression from field galaxies to filament and cluster ones for decreasing SFR, increasing fraction of galaxies in the quenching phase, increasing proportion of early-type galaxies and decreasing gas content. Galaxies in the quenching phase, defined as having SFR below 1/3 of the main sequence rate, are only between 0-20\% in the isolated sample, while they are 20-60\% in the filaments and 30-80\% in the Virgo cluster. Processes that lead to star formation quenching are already at play in filaments. They depend mostly on the local galaxy density, while the distance to the filament spine is a secondary parameter. While the HI to stellar mass ratio decreases with local density by ~1 dex in the filaments, and ~2 dex in Virgo with respect to the field, the decrease is much less for the H${}_2$ to stellar mass ratio. As the environmental density increases, the gas depletion time decreases, since the gas content decreases faster than the SFR. This suggests that gas depletion significantly precedes star formation quenching.

arXiv comment26 pages, plus 90 pages of supplementary material, A&A in press, minor corrections after the proofs

References in corpus (150)

• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• Mass and environment as drivers of galaxy evolution in SDSS and zCOSMOS and the origin of the Schechter function
• The Star Formation Efficiency in Nearby Galaxies: Measuring Where Gas Forms Stars Effectively
• The Star Formation Law in Nearby Galaxies on Sub-Kpc Scales
• CIGALE: a python Code Investigating GALaxy Emission
• A simple model to interpret the ultraviolet, optical and infrared emission from galaxies
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• Evolution since z = 0.5 of the Morphology-Density relation for Clusters of Galaxies
• The Calibration of Mid-Infrared Star Formation Rate Indicators
• Analysis of galaxy SEDs from far-UV to far-IR with CIGALE: Studying a SINGS test sample
• HyperLEDA. III. The catalogue of extragalactic distances
• Galaxy bimodality versus stellar mass and environment
• Molecular Gas at High Redshift
• Morphological Transformation from Galaxy Harassment
• The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: I. Science Goals, Survey Design and Strategy
• Galaxy Star-Formation as a Function of Environment in the Early Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Origin of Star Formation Gradients in Rich Galaxy Clusters
• The Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Distant Clusters
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-Dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster
• The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: The environmental dependence of galaxy star formation rates near clusters
• The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: The alpha.40 HI Source Catalog, its Characteristics and their Impact on the Derivation of the HI Mass Function
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• A Molecular Star Formation Law in the Atomic Gas Dominated Regime in Nearby Galaxies
• The HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XXVIII. Combining the Constraints on the Hubble Constant
• Star Formation and Dust Attenuation Properties in Galaxies from a Statistical UV-to-FIR Analysis
• Galactic-Field IMFs of Massive Stars
• The Frequency of Barred Spiral Galaxies in the Near-IR
• COLD GASS, an IRAM legacy survey of molecular gas in massive galaxies: I. Relations between H2, HI, stellar content and structural properties
• Cosmicflows-3
• The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: The ALFALFA Extragalactic HI Source Catalog
• A Digital Archive of HI 21 cm Line Spectra of Optically-targeted Galaxies
• A survey of molecular gas in luminous sub-millimetre galaxies
• The Morphology-Density Relation in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Properties of Poor Groups of Galaxies: I. Spectroscopic Survey and Results
• Evolution of the cosmic web
• A Constant Molecular Gas Depletion Time in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• The Atlas3D project -- IV: the molecular gas content of early-type galaxies
• The Atlas3D project -- XIII. Mass and morphology of HI in early-type galaxies as a function of environment
• Our Peculiar Motion Away from the Local Void
• The HI Content of Spirals. II. Gas Deficiency in Cluster Galaxies
• Tracing the cosmic web
• VLA HI Observations of Gas Stripping in the Virgo Cluster Spiral NGC 4522
• The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies
• A z=0 Multi-wavelength Galaxy Synthesis I: A WISE and GALEX Atlas of Local Galaxies
• Strangulation in Galaxy Groups
• CO excitation of normal star forming galaxies out to z=1.5 as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium
• The BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies (BIMA SONG): I. The Radial Distribution of CO Emission in Spiral Galaxies
• Pre-Processing of Galaxies before Entering a Cluster
• Stellar Masses and SFRs for 1M Galaxies from SDSS and WISE
• The impact of interactions, bars, bulges, and AGN on star formation efficiency in local massive galaxies
• LoCuSS: The slow quenching of star formation in cluster galaxies and the need for pre-processing
• Why does the environmental influence on group and cluster galaxies extend beyond the virial radius?
• Galaxy Groups within 3500 km s${}^{-1}$
• The GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey. VIII. Final Data Release -- The Effect of Group Environment on the Gas Content of Massive Galaxies
• Measures of Galaxy Environment - I. What is "Environment"?
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in the SAURON Early-type Galaxies
• Galaxy evolution in the metric of the Cosmic Web
• Baryons in the CosmicWeb of IllustrisTNG - I: Gas in Knots, Filaments, Sheets and Voids
• Warm-hot baryons comprise 5-10 per cent of filaments in the cosmic web
• Galaxy spin alignment in filaments and sheets: observational evidence
• COSMOS2015 photometric redshifts probe the impact of filaments on galaxy properties
• Evidence in Virgo for the Universal Dark Matter Halo
• Cold gas properties of the Herschel Reference Survey. III. Molecular gas stripping in cluster galaxies
• Evidence for spin alignment of spiral and elliptical/S0 galaxies in filaments
• Lopsided spiral galaxies: evidence for gas accretion
• The ATLAS3D project - XVIII. CARMA CO imaging survey of early-type galaxies
• Witnessing galaxy preprocessing in the local Universe: the case of a star-bursting group falling into Abell 1367
• Comparing the relation between star formation and galaxy mass in different environments
• Abundant molecular gas and inefficient star formation in intracluster regions: Ram pressure stripped tail of the Norma galaxy ESO137-001
• Cold gas properties of the Herschel Reference Survey. I. 12CO(1-0) and HI data
• The AMIGA project. I. Optical characterization of the CIG catalog
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS): Galaxy segregation inside filaments at $z\simeq 0.7$
• The Argo Simulation: I. Quenching of Massive Galaxies at High Redshift as a Result of Cosmological Starvation
• The Hestia project: simulations of the Local Group
• Detecting Effects of Filaments on Galaxy Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III
• The AMIGA sample of isolated galaxies. V. Quantification of the isolation
• Understanding the H2/HI Ratio in Galaxies
• PHIBSS2: survey design and z=0.5-0.8 results. Molecular gas reservoirs during the winding-down of star formation
• A History of HI Stripping in Virgo: A Phase-space View of VIVA Galaxies
• Cosmic Web and Star Formation Activity in Galaxies at z~1
• Completing HI observations of galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• Bar quenching in gas-rich galaxies
• From voids to filaments: environmental transformations of galaxies in the SDSS
• Galaxy orientation with the cosmic web across cosmic time
• Ram-pressure stripped molecular gas in the Virgo spiral galaxy NGC 4522
• Structure, mass and distance of the Virgo cluster from a Tolman-Bondi model
• ALMA unveils widespread molecular gas clumps in the ram pressure stripped tail of the Norma jellyfish galaxy
• The Cool ISM in S0 Galaxies. I. A Survey of Molecular Gas
• Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites
• Pre-processing of galaxies in cosmic filaments around AMASCFI clusters in the CFHTLS
• The AMIGA sample of isolated galaxies IX. Molecular gas properties
• Evolution in the H I Gas Content of Galaxy Groups: Pre-Processing and Mass Assembly in the Current Epoch
• The effect of ram pressure on the molecular gas of galaxies: three case studies in the Virgo cluster
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: First detection of a transition in spin orientation with respect to cosmic filaments in the stellar kinematics of galaxies
• New HI scaling relations to probe the HI content of galaxies via global HI-deficiency maps
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Stellar mass growth of spiral galaxies in the cosmic web
• The JCMT Nearby Galaxies Legacy Survey VIII. CO data and the L(CO3-2)-L(FIR) correlation in the SINGS sample
• Cosmicflows-3: Cosmography of the Local Void
• The HI content of early-type galaxies from the ALFALFA survey. II. The case of low density environments
• Southern GEMS groups II: HI distribution, mass functions and HI deficient galaxies
• Populations of filaments from the distribution of galaxies in numerical simulations
• First detection of stacked X-ray emission from cosmic web filaments
• Cosmic Cartography of the Large-Scale Structure with Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6
• Mapping and characterisation of cosmic filaments in galaxy cluster outskirts: strategies and forecasts for observations from simulations
• The influence of the cluster environment on the star formation efficiency of 12 Virgo spiral galaxies
• The pre-processing of subhaloes in SDSS groups and clusters
• The AMIGA sample of isolated galaxies. IV. A catalogue of neighbours around isolated galaxies
• The final data release of ALLSMOG: a survey of CO in typical local low-M* star-forming galaxies
• Redshift-Independent Distances in the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database: Methodology, Content and Use of NED-D
• The Effect of Filaments and Tendrils on the HI Content of Galaxies
• The ThreeHundred: the structure and properties of cosmic filaments in the outskirts of galaxy clusters
• Large-scale filamentary structures around the Virgo cluster revisited
• Stellar population constraints on the ages of galactic bars
• Cosmic Web Reconstruction through Density Ridges: Catalogue
• Alignment of galaxies relative to their local environment in SDSS-DR8
• Dust-Obscured Star-Formation in Intermediate Redshift Galaxy Clusters
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The link between bars and the early cessation of star formation in spiral galaxies
• JINGLE -- IV. Dust, HI gas and metal scaling laws in the local Universe
• Cold gas in a complete sample of group-dominant early-type galaxies
• Ubiquitous ram pressure stripping in the Coma cluster of galaxies
• Alignment between filaments and galaxy spins from the MaNGA integral-field survey
• Ram Pressure Stripping in the Virgo Cluster
• Cold gas in group-dominant elliptical galaxies
• Detecting Galaxy-Filament Alignments in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III
• M/L, H-alpha Rotation Curves, and HI Measurements for 329 Nearby Cluster and Field Spirals: I. Data
• Filament profiles from WISExSCOS galaxies as probes of the impact of environmental effects
• The AMIGA sample of isolated galaxies XIII. The HI content of an almost "nurture free" sample
• The HI Morphology and Stellar Properties of Strongly Barred Galaxies: support for bar quenching in massive spirals
• The HI properties of galaxies in the Coma I cloud revisited
• Filaments in VIPERS: galaxy quenching in the infalling regions of groups
• KAT-7 Science Verification: Cold Gas, Star Formation, and Substructure in the Nearby Antlia Cluster
• A comparison of cosmological filaments catalogues
• Cluster candidates around low power radio-galaxies at z~1-2 in COSMOS
• H I content in Coma cluster substructure
• CO in late-type galaxies within the central region of Abell 1367
• Global HI asymmetries in IllustrisTNG: a diversity of physical processes disturb the cold gas in galaxies
• Large Scale Structure in CHILES
• A search for Low Surface Brightness galaxies in the near-infrared III. Nancay HI line observation
• Properties of Galaxies in Cosmic Filaments around the Virgo Cluster
• Determining the Halo Mass Scale where Galaxies Lose Their Gas
• Properties of brightest group galaxies in cosmic web filaments
• Prevalence of Tidal Interactions among Local Seyfert Galaxies: The Control Experiment
• A High Resolution Study of the Atomic Hydrogen in CO-Rich Early-Type Galaxies
• A Simple Model for Global HI Profiles of Galaxies
• Molecular gas in distant brightest cluster galaxies
• HI study of isolated and pair galaxies: the MIR SFR-M$\star$ sequence
• The WSRT Virgo Hi filament survey II; Cross Correlation Data
• HI Deficiencies and Asymmetries in HIPASS Galaxies
• Environmental processing of galaxies in HI-rich groups

Cited by in corpus (36)

• Ram Pressure Stripping in High-Density Environments
• Virgo Filaments II: Catalog and First Results on the Effect of Filaments on galaxy properties
• The effect of cosmic web filaments on galaxy evolution
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).XIV. The main sequence relation in a rich environment down to M_star ~ 10^6 Mo
• CO-CAVITY pilot survey: Molecular gas and star formation in void galaxies
• A complete spectroscopic catalogue of local galaxies in the Northern spring sky -- Gas properties and nuclear activity in different environments
• The GOGREEN Survey: Constraining the Satellite Quenching Timescale in Massive Clusters at $\mathbf{z}\gtrsim 1$
• ALMA/ACA CO Survey of the IC 1459 and NGC 4636 Groups: Environmental Effects on the Molecular Gas of Group Galaxies
• Death at watersheds: galaxy quenching in low-density environments
• The cosmic web around the Coma cluster from constrained cosmological simulations: I. Filaments connected to Coma at $z=0$
• The large-scale structure around the Fornax-Eridanus Complex
• Forecasting the success of the WEAVE Wide-Field Cluster Survey on the extraction of the cosmic web filaments around galaxy clusters
• MAGIC: Muse gAlaxy Groups In Cosmos -- A survey to probe the impact of environment on galaxy evolution over the last 8 Gyr
• Dissecting a miniature universe: A multi-wavelength view of galaxy quenching in the Shapley supercluster
• Star forming and gas rich brightest cluster galaxies at $z\sim 0.4$ in the Kilo-Degree Survey
• Mapping HI 21-cm in the Klemola 31 group at z = 0.029: emission and absorption towards PKS2020-370
• VST-GAME: Galaxy Assembly as a function of Mass and Environment with VST. Photometric assessment and density field of MACSJ0416
• SEEDisCS II. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: low gas fraction galaxies, the case of CL1301.7$-$1139
• Star forming brightest cluster galaxies at $z\sim 0.4$ in KiDS. Further studies of cold gas and stellar properties
• Infall Profiles for Supercluster-Scale Filaments
• Gas properties as a function of environment in the proto-supercluster Hyperion at z ~ 2.45
• Virgo Filaments V: Disrupting the Baryon Cycle in the NGC 5364 Galaxy Group
• Continuous Filament Network of the Local Universe
• Witnessing a Transformation to Blue-cored Dwarf Early-type Galaxies in Filaments and the Cluster Outskirts: Gas-phase Abundances and Internal Kinematics Perspectives
• Galaxy Superclusters and Their Complexes in the Cosmic Web
• Leonessa: An Extremely Metal-poor Galaxy Undergoing Secular Chemical Evolution
• The spatial distribution of dwarf and giant galaxies in and around Virgo cluster
• Pearls on a string: Dark and bright galaxies on a strikingly straight and narrow filament
• CHILES X: Molecular and atomic gas at intermediate redshift
• The impact of cosmic filaments on the abundance of satellite galaxies
• Tracing the environmental history of observed galaxies via extended fast action minimization method
• Virgo Filaments VI: H$\alpha$ clumps in the filaments around the Virgo galaxy cluster
• The cosmic environment overtakes the local density in shaping galaxy star formation
• The influence of the Cosmic Web on the properties of dwarf galaxies in the Fornax-Eridanus Supercluster
• A machine learning approach to estimating HI deficiency in galaxies
• Starburst galaxies in the Hydra I cluster