A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission. VESTIGE VIII. Bridging the cluster-ICM-galaxy evolution at small scales

Abstract

We measure FIR emission from tails of stripped dust following the ionised and atomic gas components in galaxies undergoing ram pressure stripping. We study the dust-to-gas relative distribution and mass ratio in the stripped interstellar medium and relate them to those of the intra-cluster medium, thus linking the cluster-ICM-galaxy evolution at small-scales. The galaxy sample consists of three Scd Virgo galaxies with stellar masses in the range $10^9\lesssim {\mathrm{M}}_{\ast }\lesssim 10^{10}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, and within 1 Mpc from the cluster centre, namely NGC 4330, NGC 4522, and NGC 4654. Through the analysis of VESTIGE H$\alpha$, $Herschel$ SPIRE far-infrared, and VIVA HI data, we trace the spatial distribution of the tails and infer the dust and gas masses from the measured far-infrared 250 $\mu$m and HI flux densities. Dust-to-gas mass ratios (DGRs) in the tails are analysed as a function of the galaxy mass, metallicity, and dust temperature. Along the stripped component, the dust distribution closely follows the HI and H$\alpha$ emitting gas, all extending beyond the optical disc. In these regions, the DGRs are $2.0\pm 0.6\times 10^{-3}$, $0.7\pm 0.1\times 10^{-3}$, and $0.4\pm 0.03\times 10^{-3}$, for NGC 4330, NGC 4522, and NGC 4654, respectively, i.e. up to a factor of 15 less than the values measured in the main body of nearby galaxies. We also find a negative trend in the DGR as a function of the metallicity that can be explained in terms of a dust component more centrally concentrated in more metal-rich systems. Together with the finding that the stripped dust is cold, $T_d\lesssim 25K$, our results support an outside-in stripping scenario of the galaxy interstellar medium. This study shows that ram pressure stripping is a key mechanism in the building up of the Virgo intra-cluster component injecting dust grains into the ICM, thus contributing to its metal enrichment.

arXiv comment15 pages, 7 images, 4 tables. Accepted on A\&A

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• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).IX. The effects of ram pressure stripping down to the scale of individual HII regions in the dwarf galaxy IC 3476
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).X. Formation of a red ultra-diffuse galaxy and an almost dark galaxy during a ram-pressure stripping event