Measuring distances to low-luminosity galaxies using surface brightness fluctuations

Abstract

We present an in-depth study of surface brightness fluctuations (SBFs) in low-luminosity stellar systems. Using the MIST models, we compute theoretical predictions for absolute SBF magnitudes in the LSST, HST ACS/WFC, and proposed Roman Space Telescope filter systems. We compare our calculations to observed SBF-color relations of systems that span a wide range of age and metallicity. Consistent with previous studies, we find that single-age population models show excellent agreement with observations of low-mass galaxies with $0.5\lesssim g-i\lesssim 0.9$. For bluer galaxies, the observed relation is better fit by models with composite stellar populations. To study SBF recovery from low-luminosity systems, we perform detailed image simulations in which we inject fully populated model galaxies into deep ground-based images from real observations. Our simulations show that LSST will provide data of sufficient quality and depth to measure SBF magnitudes with precisions of $\sim 0.2$-0.5 mag in ultra-faint $\left(10^4\le {\mathrm{M}}_{\star }/{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }\le 10^5\right)$ and low-mass classical (M${}_{\star }\le 10^7$ M${}_{\odot }$) dwarf galaxies out to $\sim 4$ Mpc and $\sim 25$ Mpc, respectively, within the first few years of its deep-wide-fast survey. Many significant practical challenges and systematic uncertainties remain, including an irreducible "sampling scatter" in the SBFs of ultra-faint dwarfs due to their undersampled stellar mass functions. We nonetheless conclude that SBFs in the new generation of wide-field imaging surveys have the potential to play a critical role in the efficient confirmation and characterization of dwarf galaxies in the nearby universe.

33 pages, 17 figures, matches published version in ApJ

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