The Redshift and Mass Dependence on the Formation of The Hubble Sequence at z>1 from CANDELS/UDS

Abstract

In this paper we present a detailed study of the structures and morphologies of a sample of 1188 massive galaxies with Mstar>10^10Msun between redshifts z=1-3 within the Ultra Deep Survey (UDS) region of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) field. Using this sample we determine how galaxy structure and morphology evolve with time. We visually classify our sample into disks, ellipticals and peculiar systems and correct for redshift effects on our classifications through simulations. We find evolution in the fractions of galaxies at a given visual classification as a function of redshift. The peculiar population is dominant at z>2 with a substantial spheroid population, and a negligible disk population. We compute the transition redshift, ztrans, where the combined fraction of spheroids and disks is equal to that of peculiar galaxies, as ztrans=1.86+/-0.62 for galaxies in our stellar mass range. We find that this changes as a function of stellar mass, with Hubble-type systems becoming dominant at higher redshifts for higher mass galaxies (ztrans=2.22+/-0.82), than for the lower mass galaxies (ztrans=1.73+/-0.57). Higher mass galaxies become morphologically settled before their lower mass counterparts, a form of morphological downsizing. We furthermore compare our visual classifications with Sersic index, the concentration, asymmetry and clumpiness (CAS) parameters, star formation rate and rest frame U-B colour. We find links between the colour of a galaxy, its star formation rate and how extended or peculiar it appears. Finally, we discuss the negligible z>2 disk fraction based on visual morphologies and speculate that this is an effect of forming disks appearing peculiar through processes such as violent disk instabilities or mergers. We conclude that to properly define high redshift morphology a new and more exact classification scheme is needed.

18 pages, 14 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (14)

• The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
• K-corrections and filter transformations in the ultraviolet, optical, and near infrared
• Formation of Massive Galaxies at High Redshift: Cold Streams, Clumpy Disks and Compact Spheroids
• From rings to bulges: evidence for rapid secular galaxy evolution at z~2 from integral field spectroscopy in the SINS survey
• Size evolution of the most massive galaxies at 1.7<z<3 from GOODS NICMOS survey imaging
• CANDELS Multiwavelength catalogs: Source Identification and Photometry in the CANDELS UKIDSS Ultra-Deep Survey Field
• The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) - II. Optical Imaging and Photometric Catalogs
• The Structures of Distant Galaxies I: Galaxy Structures and the Merger Rate to z~3 in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
• The Majority of Compact Massive Galaxies at z~2 are Disk Dominated
• Morphological evolution of galaxies from ultradeep HST WFC3 imaging: the Hubble sequence at z~2
• A Surprisingly High Pair Fraction for Extremely Massive Galaxies at z ~ 3 in the GOODS NICMOS Survey
• The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey: Tracing the galaxy stellar mass assembly history over the last 8Gyr
• Shape Evolution of Massive Early-Type Galaxies: Confirmation of Increased Disk Prevalence at z>1

Cited by in corpus (123)

• Introducing the Illustris Project: the evolution of galaxy populations across cosmic time
• The Dark Energy Survey: more than dark energy - an overview
• The Evolution of Galaxy Structure over Cosmic Time
• A universal structural and star-forming relation since $z\sim 3$: connecting compact star-forming and quiescent galaxies
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: ALMA resolves the rest-frame far-infrared emission of sub-millimeter galaxies
• The MUSE 3D view of the Hubble Deep Field South
• The Horizon-AGN simulation: evolution of galaxy properties over cosmic time
• The VLT LEGA-C Spectroscopic Survey: The Physics of Galaxies at a Lookback Time of 7 Gyr
• The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications
• The JWST Extragalactic Mock Catalog: Modeling galaxy populations from the UV through the near-IR over thirteen billion years of cosmic history
• Unveiling the nature of bright z ~ 7 galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope
• CEERS Key Paper III: The Diversity of Galaxy Structure and Morphology at z=3-9 with JWST
• An ALMA Survey of Submillimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Near-infrared morphologies and stellar sizes
• CANDELS Visual Classifications: Scheme, Data Release, and First Results
• Panic! At the Disks: First Rest-frame Optical Observations of Galaxy Structure at $z>3$ with JWST in the SMACS 0723 Field
• The Dawes Review 1: Kinematic studies of star-forming galaxies across cosmic time
• Are galactic star formation and quenching governed by local, global or environmental phenomena?
• z~2: An Epoch of Disk Assembly
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: Multi-wavelength Properties of ALMA-identified Submillimeter Galaxies in UKIDSS-UDS
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): ${\mathcal{M}}_{\star }-R_{\mathrm{e}}$ relations of $z=0$ bulges, discs and spheroids
• The impact of galactic properties and environment on the quenching of central and satellite galaxies: A comparison between SDSS, Illustris and L-Galaxies
• A consistent measure of the merger histories of massive galaxies using close-pair statistics I: Major mergers at $z<3.5$
• Deconstructing the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function with UKIDSS and CANDELS: the Impact of Colour, Structure and Environment
• Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshift are Expected to be Obscured by their Massive Host Galaxies' Inter Stellar Medium
• Why z > 1 radio-loud galaxies are commonly located in proto-clusters
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Effects of Morphology in the global and local Star Formation Main Sequences
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the effect of close interactions on star formation in galaxies
• Dark Matter Halos in Galaxies and Globular Cluster Populations. II: Metallicity and Morphology
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: Emerging from the Dark, a Massive Proto-Cluster at z~4.57
• EPOCHS VI: The Size and Shape Evolution of Galaxies since z ~ 8 with JWST Observations
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: The clustering of submillimetre galaxies in the UKIDSS UDS field
• Massive post-starburst galaxies at z > 1 are compact proto-spheroids
• Galaxy Zoo: Morphological Classifications for 120,000 Galaxies in HST Legacy Imaging
• The morphologies of massive galaxies from z~3 - Witnessing the 2 channels of bulge growth
• Angular momentum evolution of galaxies over the past 10-Gyr: A MUSE and KMOS dynamical survey of 400 star-forming galaxies from z=0.3-1.7
• The Bulge-Disk Decomposed Evolution of Massive Galaxies at 1<z<3 in CANDELS
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The mechanisms for quiescent galaxy formation at $z<1$
• A mature galaxy cluster at z=1.58 around the radio galaxy 7C1753+6311
• The quenching of galaxies, bulges, and disks since cosmic noon: A machine learning approach for identifying causality in astronomical data
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS) X. Sub-kpc resolution gas-phase metallicity maps at cosmic noon behind the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster MACS1149.6+2223
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: Multi-wavelengths counterparts to 10${}^3$ submillimeter galaxies in the UKIDSS-UDS field
• The structure of post-starburst galaxies at $0.5<z<2$: evidence for two distinct quenching routes at different epochs
• Evident black hole-bulge coevolution in the distant universe
• Minor vs Major Mergers: The Stellar Mass Growth of Massive Galaxies from z=3 using Number Density Selection Techniques
• A Transition Mass in the Local Tully-Fisher Relation
• What shapes a galaxy? - Unraveling the role of mass, environment and star formation in forming galactic structure
• The Argo Simulation: II. The Early Build-up of the Hubble Sequence
• Size evolution of star-forming galaxies with $2<z<4.5$ in the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey
• Major mergers are not significant drivers of star formation or morphological transformation around the epoch of peak cosmic star formation
• Kinematic Downsizing at z~2
• BASS XXXVII: The role of radiative feedback in the growth and obscuration properties of nearby supermassive black holes
• The Decomposed Bulge and Disk Size-Mass Relations of Massive Galaxies at 1<z<3 in CANDELS
• The mass, colour, and structural evolution of today's massive galaxies since z~5
• Early results from GLASS-JWST XIV: A first morphological atlas of the 1 < z < 5 Universe in the rest-frame optical
• Expectations of the size evolution of massive galaxies at $3\le z\le 6$ from the TNG50 simulation: the CEERS/JWST view
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: the submillimetre properties of Lyman break galaxies at z=3-5
• Galaxy Formation as a Cosmological Tool. I: The Galaxy Merger History as a Measure of Cosmological Parameters
• Formation and evolution of young massive clusters in galaxy mergers: the SMUGGLE view
• Galaxy Evolution in all Five CANDELS Fields and IllustrisTNG: Morphological, Structural, and the Major Merger Evolution to $z\sim 3$
• The Formation of Bulges, Discs and Two Component Galaxies in the CANDELS Survey at z < 3
• Star-forming blue ETGs in two newly discovered galaxy overdensities in the HUDF at z=1.84 and 1.9: unveiling the progenitors of passive ETGs in cluster cores
• A direct calibration of the IRX-β relation in Lyman-break Galaxies at z=3-5
• The structural and size evolution of star-forming galaxies over the last 11 Gyrs
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: The EGS deep field - II. Morphological transformation and multi-wavelength properties of faint submillimetre galaxies
• Global torques and stochasticity as the drivers of massive black hole pairing in the young Universe
• HST imaging of the brightest z~8-9 galaxies from UltraVISTA: the extreme bright end of the UV luminosity function
• Faint Submillimeter Galaxies identified through their optical/near-infrared colours I: spatial clustering and halo masses
• Signs of environmental effects on star-forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• The VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey: A major merger origin for the high fraction of galaxies at $2<z<6$ with two bright clump
• First Results from the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS): Kinematics of Lensed Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• A galaxy classification grid that better recognises early-type galaxy morphology
• Tracing galaxy populations through cosmic time: A critical test of methods for connecting the same galaxies between different redshifts at $z<3$
• Deep Realistic Extragalactic Model (DREaM) Galaxy Catalogs: Predictions for a Roman Ultra-Deep Field
• A machine-learning method for identifying multi-wavelength counterparts of submillimeter galaxies: training and testing using AS2UDS and ALESS
• The role of the most luminous, obscured AGN in galaxy assembly at z~2
• Quantifying Non-parametric Structure of High-redshift Galaxies with Deep Learning
• ZFIRE: The Evolution of the Stellar Mass Tully-Fisher Relation to Redshift 2.0 < Z < 2.5 with MOSFIRE
• Observations of the Initial Formation and Evolution of Spiral galaxies at $1<z<3$ in the CANDELS fields
• Euclid preparation XXVI. The Euclid Morphology Challenge. Towards structural parameters for billions of galaxies
• The KMOS Galaxy Evolution Survey (KGES): the angular momentum of star-forming galaxies over the last ~10 Gyr
• Growth of bulges in disc galaxies since $z\sim 1$
• The Evolution of Galaxies at Constant Number Density: A Less Biased View of Star Formation, Quenching, and Structural Formation
• Galaxy Structure in the Ultraviolet: The Dependence of Morphological Parameters on Rest-Frame Wavelength
• The population of early-type galaxies: how it evolves with time and how it differs from passive and late-type galaxies
• The growth of galactic bulges through mergers in LCDM haloes revisited. II. Morphological mix evolution
• Evolution of Cold Streams and Emergence of the Hubble Sequence
• Searching for Environmental Effects on Galaxy Kinematics in Groups and Clusters at z~1 from the ORELSE Survey
• A Robust Study of High-Redshift Galaxies: Unsupervised Machine Learning for Characterising morphology with JWST up to z ~ 8
• The Dynamics and Distribution of Angular Momentum in HiZELS Star-Forming Galaxies at z = 0.8 - 3.3
• Redshifting galaxies from DESI to JWST CEERS: Correction of biases and uncertainties in quantifying morphology
• The Impact of Redshift on Galaxy Morphometric Classification: case studies for SDSS, DES, LSST and HST with Morfometryka
• The evolution of disc galaxies with and without classical bulges since z~1
• Stellar populations, stellar masses and the formation of galaxy bulges and discs at $z<3$ in CANDELS
• The clustering of X-ray AGN at 0.5 < z < 4.5: host galaxies dictate dark matter halo mass
• Exploring the progenitors of brightest cluster galaxies at z~2
• CANDELS Meets GSWLC: Evolution of the Relationship Between Morphology and Star Formation Since z = 2
• The robustness in identifying and quantifying high-redshift bars using JWST observations
• PANORAMIC: Discovery of an Ultra-Massive Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy at $z\sim 5.2$
• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS field: Dust attenuation in high-redshift Lyman break Galaxies
• JWST reveals a high fraction of disk breaks at $1\le z\le 3$
• Do current X-ray observations capture most of the black-hole accretion at high redshifts?
• Formation of disc galaxies around z~2
• MIDIS. Near-infrared rest-frame morphology of massive galaxies at $3<z<5$ in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field
• Raven and the Center of Maffei 1: Multi-Object Adaptive Optics Observations of the Center of a Nearby Elliptical Galaxy and the Detection of an Intermediate Age Population
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: When is morphology imprinted on galaxies?
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): Extending rest-optical narrow-band emission line selection into the Epoch of Reionization
• Size, shade or shape? The contribution of galaxies of different types to the star-formation history of the Universe from SDSS-IV MaNGA
• The PSF Smoothing Effect on Concentration-Related Parameters of High Redshift Galaxies in HST and JWST
• When did round disk galaxies form?
• Bright Compact Bulges (BCBs) at intermediate redshifts
• Cosmic Stillness: High Quiescent Galaxy Fractions Across Upper Mass Scales in the Early Universe to z = 7 with JWST
• Galaxy kinematics across different environments in the RXJ1347-1145 cluster complex
• Impact of Galactic Interactions on the Evolution of the Far-Infrared-Radio Correlation
• Mock Observations: Morphological Analysis of Galaxies in TNG100 Simulations
• Internal structure of molecular gas in a main sequence galaxy with a UV clump at z = 1.45
• A Shallow Slope for the Stellar Mass--Angular Momentum Relation of Star-Forming Galaxies at $1.5<z<2.5$
• Evolution of Size, Mass, and Density of Galaxies Since Cosmic Dawn
• COSMOS2025: Machine Learning Classification of Early- and Late-type Galaxies at 0 < z < 3
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• Probing the influence of the protocluster environment on galaxy morphology at z = 2.23
• Evaluating the Accuracy of Non-parametric Galaxy Morphological Indicator Measurements in the CSST Imaging Survey
• A Simulation Driven Deep Learning Approach for Separating Mergers and Star Forming Galaxies: The Formation Histories of Clumpy Galaxies in all the CANDELS Fields
• The multiwavelength structure of post-starburst galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3 with JWST PRIMER: compact morphologies and residual disturbances