Discovery of a Rich Cluster at z = 1.63 using the Rest-Frame 1.6um "Stellar Bump Sequence" Method

Abstract

We present a new two-color algorithm, the "Stellar Bump Sequence" (SBS), that is optimized for robustly identifying candidate high-redshift galaxy clusters in combined wide-field optical and mid-infrared (MIR) data. The SBS algorithm is a fusion of the well-tested cluster red-sequence method of Gladders & Yee (2000) with the MIR 3.6um - 4.5um cluster detection method developed by Papovich (2008). As with the cluster red-sequence method, the SBS identifies candidate overdensities within 3.6um - 4.5um color slices, which are the equivalent of a rest-frame 1.6um stellar bump "red-sequence". In addition to employing the MIR colors of galaxies, the SBS algorithm incorporates an optical/MIR (z' - 3.6um) color cut. This cut effectively eliminates foreground 0.2 < z < 0.4 galaxies which have 3.6um - 4.5um colors that are similarly red as z > 1.0 galaxies and add noise when searching for high-redshift galaxy overdensities. We demonstrate using the z ~ 1 GCLASS cluster sample that similar to the red sequence, the stellar bump sequence appears to be a ubiquitous feature of high-redshift clusters, and that within that sample the color of the stellar bump sequence increases monotonically with redshift and provides photometric redshifts accurate to dz = 0.05. We apply the SBS method in the XMM-LSS SWIRE field and show that it robustly recovers the majority of confirmed optical, MIR, and X-ray-selected clusters at z > 1.0 in that field. Lastly, we present confirmation of SpARCS J022427-032354 at z = 1.63, a new cluster detected with the method and confirmed with 12 high-confidence spectroscopic redshifts obtained using FORS2 on the VLT. We conclude with a discussion of future prospects for using the algorithm.

11 pages, 8 Figures, submitted to ApJ. Resubmitted version after referee's comments

References in corpus (10)

• Protoclusters associated with z > 2 radio galaxies. I. Characteristics of high redshift protoclusters
• The XMM Cluster Survey: A Massive Galaxy Cluster at z=1.45
• Cosmological Constraints from the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey
• The Angular Clustering of Distant Galaxy Clusters
• IDCS J1433.2+3306: An IR-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.89
• The Evolution of Dusty Star Formation and Stellar Mass Assembly in Clusters: Results from the IRAC 3.6um, 4.5um, 5.8um and 8.0um Cluster Luminosity Functions
• XMM-LSS discovery of a z=1.22 galaxy cluster
• The XMM-LSS Survey: A well controlled X-ray cluster sample over the D1 CFHTLS area
• Distant galaxy clusters in the XMM Large Scale Structure survey
• Spectroscopy of moderately high-redshift RCS-1 clusters

Cited by in corpus (83)

• The realm of the galaxy protoclusters
• Galaxy Clusters around radio-loud AGN at 1.3 < z < 3.2 as seen by Spitzer
• The SPTpol Extended Cluster Survey
• Quiescent galaxies 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang and their progenitors
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of the Rich z=1.80 Galaxy Cluster JKCS 041 Using the WFC3 Grism: Environmental Trends in the Ages and Structure of Quiescent Galaxies
• A Comparative Study of Density Field Estimation for Galaxies: New Insights into the Evolution of Galaxies with Environment in COSMOS out to z~3
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon [C I] in High-redshift Main-Sequence Galaxies
• The importance of major mergers in the build up of stellar mass in brightest cluster galaxies at z=1
• Why z > 1 radio-loud galaxies are commonly located in proto-clusters
• WFC3 grism confirmation of the distant cluster Cl J1449+0856 at z=2.00: Quiescent and star-forming galaxy populations
• Stellar mass function of cluster galaxies at z $\sim$ 1.5: evidence for reduced quenching efficiency at high redshift
• HFF-DeepSpace Photometric Catalogs of the Twelve Hubble Frontier Fields, Clusters and Parallels: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts, and Stellar Masses
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• ALMA Observations of Gas-Rich Galaxies in z~1.6 Galaxy Clusters: Evidence for Higher Gas Fractions in High-Density Environments
• Evidence for strong evolution in galaxy environmental quenching efficiency between z = 1.6 and z = 0.9
• The Spitzer-HETDEX Exploratory Large-Area Survey
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey. I: Survey Overview and a Catalog of >2000 Galaxy Clusters at z~1
• The Evolution of Environmental Quenching Timescales to $z\sim 1.6$
• KECK/MOSFIRE spectroscopic confirmation of a Virgo-like cluster ancestor at z=2.095
• Observational Requirements for Lyman-alpha Forest Tomographic Mapping of Large-Scale Structure at z ~ 2
• Metal deficiency in cluster star-forming galaxies at z=2
• $HST$ Grism Confirmation of $16$ Structures at $1.4<z<2.8$ from the Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (CARLA) Survey
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: Ultraluminous star-forming galaxies in a z=1.6 cluster
• Evidence of suppression of star formation by quasar-driven winds in gas-rich host galaxies at z<1?
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• On the formation time scale of massive cluster ellipticals based on deep near-IR spectroscopy at z~2
• SPT-CLJ2040-4451: An SZ-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.478 With Significant Ongoing Star Formation
• An Extreme Starburst in Close Proximity to the Central Galaxy of a Rich Galaxy Cluster at z=1.7
• A Kinematic Approach To Assessing Environmental Effects: Star-Forming Galaxies in a z~0.9 SpARCS cluster using Spitzer 24um Observations
• The GOGREEN survey: Post-infall environmental quenching fails to predict the observed age difference between quiescent field and cluster galaxies at z>1
• SPT-GMOS: A Gemini/GMOS-South Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxy Clusters in the SPT-SZ Survey
• The GEEC2 spectroscopic survey of Galaxy Groups at $0.8<z<1$
• Star-forming blue ETGs in two newly discovered galaxy overdensities in the HUDF at z=1.84 and 1.9: unveiling the progenitors of passive ETGs in cluster cores
• Resolving CO (2-1) in z~1.6 Gas-Rich Cluster Galaxies with ALMA: Rotating Molecular Gas Disks with Possible Signatures of Gas Stripping
• The Interstellar Medium of Quiescent Galaxies and its Evolution With Time
• The environmental impacts on the star formation main sequence: an H-alpha study of the newly discovered rich cluster at z=1.52
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey II: Initial Spectroscopic Confirmation of z ~ 1 Galaxy Clusters Selected from 10,000 Square Degrees
• Planck intermediate results. XXVII. High-redshift infrared galaxy overdensity candidates and lensed sources discovered by Planck and confirmed by Herschel-SPIRE
• Galaxy population properties of the massive X-ray luminous galaxy cluster XDCP J0044.0-2033 at z=1.58: red-sequence formation, massive galaxy assembly, and central star formation activity
• Ionised gas structure of 100 kpc in an over-dense region of the galaxy group COSMOS-Gr30 at z ~ 0.7
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey. III. Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Masses of Galaxy Clusters at $z\sim 1$
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Coma Cluster Progenitor at z ~ 2.2
• HST Grism Confirmation of Two $z\sim 2$ Structures from the Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (CARLA) Survey
• The Ages of Passive Galaxies in a z=1.62 Protocluster
• Spitzer Planck Herschel Infrared Cluster (SPHerIC) survey: Candidate galaxy clusters at 1.3 < z < 3 selected by high star-formation rate
• Evidence for the existence of abundant intracluster light at z= 1.24
• Galaxy Merger Candidates in High-Redshift Cluster Environments
• The formation history of massive cluster galaxies as revealed by CARLA
• Cluster candidates around low power radio-galaxies at z~1-2 in COSMOS
• Multi-wavelength characterisation of z~2 clustered, dusty star forming galaxies discovered by Planck
• Candidate Clusters of Galaxies at $z>1.3$ Identified in the Spitzer SPT Deep Field Survey
• Size growth of red-sequence early-type galaxies in clusters in the last 10 Gyr
• GalWeight Application: A publicly-available catalog of dynamical parameters of 1,800 galaxy clusters from SDSS-DR13, ($GalWCat19$)
• Galaxy populations in the most distant SPT-SZ clusters - I. Environmental quenching in massive clusters at $1.4\lesssim z\lesssim 1.7$
• First Weak-lensing Results from "See Change": Quantifying Dark Matter in the Two Z>1.5 High-redshift Galaxy Clusters SPT-CL J2040-4451 and IDCS J1426+3508
• Star-forming fractions and galaxy evolution with redshift in rich X-ray-selected galaxy clusters
• The Spitzer South Pole Telescope Deep Field Survey: Linking galaxies and halos at z=1.5
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) III: fundamental plane of cluster galaxies at $z\simeq 1.80$ in JKCS 041
• The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies
• The High-Redshift Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) Survey: Follow-Up Optical Imaging
• The Tully-Fisher relation in dense groups at $z\sim 0.7$ in the MAGIC survey
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Discovery of a starbursting galaxy group with a radio-luminous core at z=3.95
• The H$\alpha$ star formation main sequence in cluster and field galaxies at $z\sim 1.6$
• The HST See Change Program: I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries
• K-CLASH: Strangulation and Ram Pressure Stripping in Galaxy Cluster Members at 0.3 < z < 0.6
• A large-scale kinematic study of molecular gas in high-z cluster galaxies: Evidence for high levels of kinematic asymmetry
• The environment of radio galaxies: A signature of AGN feedback at high redshifts
• IDCS J1426.5+3508: Weak Lensing Analysis of a Massive Galaxy Cluster at $z=1.75$
• Deciphering the activity and quiescence of high-redshift cluster environments: ALMA observations of ClJ1449+0856 at z=2
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey IX: High Radio Activity in a Merging Cluster
• The Spitzer-IRAC/MIPS Extragalactic survey (SIMES) in the South Ecliptic Pole field
• A new method to search for high redshift clusters using photometric redshifts
• SEEDisCS I. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: the case of CL1411.1$-$1148 at $z\sim 0.5$
• Massive molecular gas reservoir around the central AGN in the CARLA J1103+3449 cluster at z=1.44
• Mass-Richness relations for X-ray and SZE-selected clusters at $0.4<z<2.0$ as seen by $Spitzer$ at 4.5$\mu$m
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey. VIII. Radio Activity in Massive Galaxy Clusters
• See Change: VLT spectroscopy of a sample of high-redshift Type Ia supernova host galaxies
• Optically-detected galaxy cluster candidates in the $AKARI$ North Ecliptic Pole field based on photometric redshift from Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam
• A Large Scale Structure at Redshift 1.71 in the Lockman Hole
• $Spitzer$-selected $z>1.3$ protocluster candidates in the LSST Deep Drilling Fields
• HST Grism Observations of a z~1.8 Cluster Candidate from the Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) Survey
• CARMA observations of massive Planck-discovered cluster candidates at z>0.5 associated with WISE overdensities: strategy, observations and validation
• A tight relation between the distribution of globular clusters and dark matter in AS1063