Volumetric rates of Luminous Red Novae and Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients with the Zwicky Transient Facility

Abstract

Luminous red novae (LRNe) are transients characterized by low luminosities and expansion velocities, and are associated with mergers or common envelope ejections in stellar binaries. Intermediate-luminosity red transients (ILRTs) are an observationally similar class with unknown origins, but generally believed to either be electron capture supernovae (ECSN) in super-AGB stars, or outbursts in dusty luminous blue variables (LBVs). In this paper, we present a systematic sample of 8 LRNe and 8 ILRTs detected as part of the Census of the Local Universe (CLU) experiment on the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). The CLU experiment spectroscopically classifies ZTF transients associated with nearby ($<150$ Mpc) galaxies, achieving 80% completeness for m${}_r<20$\,mag. Using the ZTF-CLU sample, we derive the first systematic LRNe volumetric-rate of 7.8${}_{-3.7}^{+6.5}\times 10^{-5}$ Mpc${}^{-3}$ yr${}^{-1}$ in the luminosity range $-16\le$M${}_{\mathrm{r}}$$\le -11$ mag. We find that in this luminosity range, the LRN rate scales as dN/dL $\propto L^{-2.5\pm 0.3}$ - significantly steeper than the previously derived scaling of $L^{-1.4\pm 0.3}$ for lower luminosity LRNe (M${}_V\ge -10$). The steeper power law for LRNe at high luminosities is consistent with the massive merger rates predicted by binary population synthesis models. We find that the rates of the brightest LRNe (M${}_r\le -13$ mag) are consistent with a significant fraction of them being progenitors of double compact objects (DCOs) that merge within a Hubble time. For ILRTs, we derive a volumetric rate of $2.6_{-1.4}^{+1.8}\times 10^{-6}$ Mpc${}^{-3}$yr${}^{-1}$ for M${}_{\mathrm{r}}\le -13.5$, that scales as dN/dL $\propto L^{-2.5\pm 0.5}$. This rate is $\approx 1-5\%$ of the local core-collapse supernova rate, and is consistent with theoretical ECSN rate estimates.

32 pages, 16 figures. Submitted to ApJ, comments welcome

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