Hot Gas In and Around Elliptical Galaxies

Abstract

We review the origin, evolution and physical nature of hot gas in elliptical galaxies and associated galaxy groups. Unanticipated recent X-ray observations with Chandra and XMM indicate much less cooling than previously expected. Consequently, many long-held assumptions need to be reexamined or discarded and new approaches must be explored. Chief among these are the role of heating by active galactic nuclei, the influence of radio lobes on the hot gas, details of the cooling process, possible relation between the hot and colder gas in elliptical galaxies, and the complexities of stellar enrichment of the hot gas.

46 pages, 5 figures

Cited by in corpus (253)

• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• Galactic Winds
• Heating Hot Atmospheres with Active Galactic Nuclei
• The host galaxies of radio-loud AGN: mass dependencies, gas cooling and AGN feedback
• Physical properties and environments of nearby galaxies
• Modelling the Galaxy Bimodality: Shutdown Above a Critical Halo Mass
• Chaotic cold accretion onto black holes
• The Atlas3D project -- IV: the molecular gas content of early-type galaxies
• The initial mass function of early-type galaxies
• Hot and cold gas accretion and feedback in radio-loud active galaxies
• Cause and Effect of Feedback: Multiphase Gas in Cluster Cores Heated by AGN Jets
• On the prevalence of radio-loud AGN in brightest cluster galaxies: implications for AGN heating of cooling flows
• The UV-Optical Color Magnitude Diagram II: Physical Properties and Morphological Evolution On and Off of a Star-Forming Sequence
• The SAURON project XVI: On the Sources of Ionisation for the Gas in Elliptical and Lenticular Galaxies
• AGN-controlled cooling in elliptical galaxies
• X-CIGALE: fitting AGN/galaxy SEDs from X-ray to infrared
• The Nature of LINER-like Emission in Red Galaxies
• A Chandra View of Dark Matter in Early-Type Galaxies
• Gravitational Quenching in Massive Galaxies and Clusters by Clumpy Accretion
• Lost & Found Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies
• Ejective and preventative: the IllustrisTNG black hole feedback and its effects on the thermodynamics of the gas within and around galaxies
• AGN heating and ICM cooling in the HIFLUGCS sample of galaxy clusters
• Mechanical AGN Feedback: Controlling the Thermodynamical Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies
• Dynamics and High Energy Emission of the Flaring HST-1 Knot in the M 87 Jet
• The impact of mechanical AGN feedback on the formation of massive early-type galaxies
• X-ray coronae in simulations of disc galaxy formation
• X-ray thermal coronae of galaxies in hot clusters -- ubiquity of embedded mini cooling cores
• Scaling Mass Profiles around Elliptical Galaxies Observed with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• The Different Physical Mechanisms that Drive the Star-Formation Histories of Giant and Dwarf Galaxies
• A Chandra Survey of Early-Type Galaxies, I: Metal Enrichment in the ISM
• Chandra Survey of Nearby Highly-Inclined Disk Galaxies I: X-ray Measurements of Galactic Coronae
• Chaotic cold accretion on to black holes in rotating atmospheres
• Dynamical evolution of intermediate mass black holes and their observable signatures in the nearby Universe
• On the Evolution of and High-Energy Emission from GHz-Peaked-Spectrum Sources
• The Physics of Star Cluster Formation and Evolution
• Hot X-ray coronae around massive spiral galaxies: a unique probe of structure formation models
• The MASSIVE Survey IV.: The X-ray halos of the most massive early-type galaxies in the nearby Universe
• Baryon Cycles in the Biggest Galaxies
• A Nearby Galaxy Perspective on Dust Evolution. Scaling relations and constraints on the dust build-up in galaxies with the DustPedia and DGS samples
• Extended Hot Halos Around Isolated Galaxies Observed in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey
• Hot Gas in Galaxy Groups: Recent Observations
• A coincidence of disturbed morphology and blue UV colour: minor-merger driven star formation in early-type galaxies at z~0.6
• Effects of plasma on gravitational lensing
• Combined Effects of Galaxy Interactions and Large-Scale Environment on Galaxy Properties
• Causality and stability of cosmic jets
• X-ray Emission from Hot Gas in Galaxy Mergers
• The X-ray Halo Scaling Relations of Supermassive Black Holes
• Kiloparsec-scale Radio Structures in Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Hot Atmospheres, Cold Gas, AGN Feedback and the Evolution of Early Type Galaxies: a Topical Perspective
• Radio galaxies of the local universe: all-sky catalog, luminosity functions, and clustering
• Color and Stellar Population Gradients in Passively Evolving Galaxies at z~2 from HST/WFC3 Deep Imaging in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Heating Cooling Flows with Weak Shock Waves
• Recurrent gas accretion by massive star clusters, multiple stellar populations and mass thresholds for spherical stellar systems
• The Hot Interstellar Medium of Normal Elliptical Galaxies. I. A Chandra Gas Gallery and Comparison of X-ray and Optical Morphology
• Radially-Inflowing Molecular Gas in NGC 1275 Deposited by a X-ray Cooling Flow in the Perseus Cluster
• The slope of the mass profile and the tilt of the fundamental plane in early-type galaxies
• The effects of a hot gaseous halo in galaxy major mergers
• A Radio Study of the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 6: Implications for Seyfert life-cycles
• Chandra Survey of Nearby Highly Inclined Disc Galaxies - II: Correlation Analysis of Galactic Coronal Properties
• Constraining the Nature of X-ray Cavities in Clusters and Galaxies
• The 300 kpc Long X-ray Jet in PKS 1127-145, z=1.18 Quasar: Constraining X-ray Emission Models
• The Kinematics of the Globular Cluster System of NGC 5128 with a New, Large Sample of Radial Velocity Measurements
• X-ray Scaling Relation in Early-Type Galaxies: Dark Matter as a Primary Factor in Retaining Hot Gas
• The HI content of Early-Type Galaxies from the ALFALFA survey I. Catalogued HI sources in the Virgo cluster
• The Hot Gas Halos of Galaxies in Groups
• Hot Gaseous Coronae around Spiral Galaxies: Probing the Illustris Simulation
• Supernova Blastwaves in Low-density Hot Media: a Mechanism for Spatially Distributed Heating
• Origin and Dynamical Support of Ionized Gas in Galaxy Bulges
• Supernova Sweeping and Black-Hole Feedback in Elliptical Galaxies
• Hot Gas Halos in Early-Type Field Galaxies
• The X-ray Properties of Early-Type Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South
• Galaxy pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey - XII: The fuelling mechanism of low excitation radio-loud AGN
• Rotation and Turbulence of the Hot ICM in Galaxy Clusters
• Correlations of near-infrared, optical and X-ray luminosity for early-type galaxies
• Stopping Cooling Flows with Jets
• Galaxy Zoo: dust and molecular gas in early-type galaxies with prominent dust lanes
• After The Fall: The Dust and Gas in E+A Post-Starburst Galaxies
• Probing the Hot X-ray Corona around the Massive Spiral Galaxy, NGC 6753, Using Deep XMM-Newton observations
• The baryonic mass function of galaxies
• The Atlas3D project - XIX. The hot-gas content of early-type galaxies: fast versus slow rotators
• Mass Loss From Evolved Stars in Elliptical Galaxies
• On the mass of the Local Group
• Recurrent radio emission and gas supply: the case of the radio galaxy B2 0258+35
• X-ray Scaling Relations of core and coreless E and S0 Galaxies
• Reconfinement and Loss of Stability in Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Globular Cluster Kinematics and Galaxy Dark Matter Content of NGC 4649 (M60)
• Constraining jet production scenarios by studies of Narrow-Line-Radio-Galaxies
• Galaxy-scale AGN Feedback - Theory
• Connecting Dark Matter Halos with the Galaxy Center and the Supermassive Black Hole
• Chandra Observations of Diffuse Gas and Luminous X-ray Sources Around the X-ray Bright Elliptical NGC 1600
• Tracing the Gas to the Virial Radius (R100) in a Fossil Group
• Weighing the Quiescent Central Black Hole in an Elliptical Galaxy with X-ray Emitting Gas
• Rotation-Measures across Parsec-scale Jets of FRI radio galaxies
• Self-consistent models of cuspy triaxial galaxies with dark matter haloes
• AGN feedback in an isolated elliptical galaxy: the effect of strong radiative feedback in the kinetic mode
• Unresolved and diffuse components of X-ray emission and X/K luminosity ratios in nearby early-type and late-type galaxies
• Enriching the hot circumgalactic medium
• Hydrostatic Gas Constraints on Supermassive Black Hole Masses: Implications for Hydrostatic Equilibrium and Dynamical Modelling in a Sample of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Fate of Stellar Mass Loss in Central Cluster Galaxies
• On the thermodynamic self-similarity of the nearest, most relaxed, giant ellipticals
• The Hot Interstellar Medium in Normal Elliptical Galaxies III: The Thermal Structure of the Gas
• The isolated elliptical NGC 4555 observed with Chandra
• Hot gaseous atmospheres in galaxy groups and clusters are both heated and cooled by X-ray cavities
• AGN-stimulated Cooling of Hot Gas in Elliptical Galaxies
• AGN feedback, quiescence and CGM metal enrichment in early-type galaxies
• Dust and Ionized Gas in Nine Nearby Early-Type Galaxies Imaged with the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys
• Simulating the Cooling Flow of Cool-Core Clusters
• Dark matter in early-type galaxies: dynamical modelling of IC1459, IC3370, NGC3379 and NGC4105
• The role of thermal evaporation in galaxy formation
• New Analytic Solutions for Galaxy Evolution: Gas, Stars, Metals and Dust in local Early-Type Galaxies and in their high-z Starforming Progenitors
• A volume-limited sample of X-ray galaxy groups and clusters: III. Central abundance drops
• The metal content of the hot atmospheres of galaxy groups
• The effects of galaxy shape and rotation on the X-ray haloes of early-type galaxies - II. Numerical simulations
• The AGN fuelling/feedback cycle in nearby radio galaxies II. Kinematics of the molecular gas
• The ELIXR Galaxy Survey. II: Baryons and Dark Matter in an Isolated Elliptical Galaxy
• OVI in Elliptical Galaxies: Indicators of Cooling Flows
• The many faces of the gas in Centaurus A (NGC5128)
• Detecting Radio-AGN signatures in Red geysers
• Gas condensation in Brightest Group Galaxies unveiled with MUSE
• The Fate of Young Radio Galaxies: Decelerations Inside Host Galaxies?
• AGN Feedback and Multi-phase Gas in Giant Elliptical Galaxies
• Chandra Survey of Nearby Highly Inclined Disc Galaxies - III: Comparison with Hydrodynamical Simulations of Circumgalactic Coronae
• The dark haloes of early-type galaxies in low-density environments: XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of NGC 57, NGC 7796 and IC 1531
• Absorption of Nuclear Gamma-rays on the Starlight Radiation in FR I Sources: the Case of Centaurus A
• Star-forming accretion flows and the low luminosity nuclei of giant elliptical galaxies
• The Exceptional Soft X-ray Halo of the Galaxy Merger NGC 6240
• Numerical Simulations of Hot Halo Gas in Galaxy Mergers
• Origins of molecular clouds in early-type galaxies
• AGN feedback in elliptical galaxies: numerical simulations
• On the origin of Fanaroff-Riley classification of radio galaxies: Deceleration of supersonic radio lobes
• Probing motion of fast radio burst sources by timing strongly lensed repeaters
• Black hole accretion disc impacts
• Circulation Flows: Cooling Flows with Bubble Return
• A Black-Hole Feedback Valve in Massive Galaxies
• Circumgalactic Pressure Profiles Indicate Precipitation-Limited Atmospheres for $M_{\ast }\sim 10^9$$-$$10^{11.5}{M}_{\odot }$
• Time-dependent Circulation Flows: Iron Enrichment in Cooling Flows with Heated Return Flows
• Dynamic S0 Galaxies II: the Role of Diffuse Hot Gas
• The Impact of Type Ia Supernovae in Quiescent Galaxies: II. Energetics and Turbulence
• Massive elliptical galaxies in X-rays: the role of late gas accretion
• Mass Loss From Planetary Nebulae in Elliptical Galaxies
• Hobby-Eberly Telescope Observations of the Dark Halo in NGC 821
• Active Galaxies and Radiative Heating
• The MASSIVE Survey VI: The Spatial Distribution and Kinematics of Warm Ionized Gas in the Most Massive Local Early-type Galaxies
• VLBA and Chandra Observations of Jets in FRI radio galaxies: Constraints on Jet Evolution
• Chandra Observations of ULIRGs: Extended Hot Gas Halos in Merging Galaxies
• Cool circumgalactic gas of passive galaxies from cosmological inflow
• Large scatter in X-ray emission among elliptical galaxies: correlations with mass of host halo
• Half-Megasecond Chandra Spectral Imaging of the Hot Circumgalactic Nebula around Quasar Mrk 231
• Buoyant AGN bubbles in the quasi-isothermal potential of NGC 1399
• GARROTXA Cosmological Simulations of Milky Way-sized Galaxies: General Properties, Hot Gas Distribution, and Missing Baryons
• Characterizing circumgalactic gas around massive ellipticals at z~0.4 III. The galactic environment of a chemically-pristine Lyman limit absorber
• The effects of stellar dynamics on the X-ray emission of flat early-type galaxies
• A General Precipitation-Limited L_X-T-R Relation Among Early-Type Galaxies
• Velocity Structure Diagnostics of Simulated Galaxy Clusters
• Digging for red nuggets: discovery of hot halos surrounding massive, compact, relic galaxies
• Deep Chandra X-ray Imaging of a Nearby Radio Galaxy 4C+29.30: X-ray/Radio Connection
• Diffuse X-ray-emitting Gas in Major Mergers
• Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies
• Direct Detections of Young Stars in Nearby Elliptical Galaxies
• On the use of X-rays to determine dynamical properties of elliptical galaxies
• The Abundance Pattern in the Hot ISM of NGC 4472: Insights and Anomalies
• X-ray Isophotes in a Rapidly Rotating Elliptical Galaxy: Evidence of Inflowing Gas
• X-ray emissivity of old stellar populations: a local group census
• X-ray spectroscopy of the hot has in the M31 bulge
• H-ATLAS/GAMA: The nature and characteristics of optically red galaxies detected at submillimetre wavelengths
• Thermal Evolution of Supernova Iron in Elliptical Galaxies
• The Heated Core of the Radio-Quiet Galaxy Cluster A644
• Early-type galaxies in the Chandra COSMOS Survey
• Universal transition diagram from dormant to actively accreting supermassive black holes
• Dust and Ionized Gas Association in E/S0 Galaxies with Dust Lanes: Clues to their Origin
• On the Interaction of the PKS B1358-113 Radio Galaxy with the Abell 1836 Cluster
• The diverse hot gas content and dynamics of optically similar low-mass elliptical galaxies
• Multiple shock fronts in RBS 797: the Chandra window on shock heating in galaxy clusters
• Millisecond Pulsars Modify the Radio-SFR Correlation in Quiescent Galaxies
• Constraining the dark matter halo mass of isolated low-surface-brightness galaxies
• The Cosmic History of Hot Gas Cooling and Radio AGN Activity in Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• Magnetic fields in elliptical galaxies: an observational probe of the fluctuation dynamo action
• Hot gaseous atmospheres of rotating galaxies observed with XMM-Newton
• Abundance ratios in the hot ISM of elliptical galaxies
• Observations of asymmetric velocity fields and gas cooling in the NGC 4636 galaxy group X-ray halo
• FUSE search for 10^5-10^6 K gas in the rich clusters of galaxies Abell 2029 and Abell 3112
• Galactic Coronae in the Intracluster Environment: Semi-confined Stellar-feedback-driven Outflows
• Decaying turbulence and magnetic fields in galaxy clusters
• A rare example of low surface-brightness radio lobes in a gas-rich early-type galaxy: the story of NGC 3998
• Reconciling stellar dynamical and hydrostatic X-ray mass measurements of an elliptical galaxy with gas rotation, turbulence and magnetic fields
• Magnetic fields in elliptical galaxies: Using the Laing-Garrington effect in radio galaxies and polarized emission from background radio sources
• Chandra observations of NGC4342, an optically faint, X-ray gas-rich early-type galaxy
• Soft band X/K luminosity ratios for gas-poor early-type galaxies
• A Two-Fluid Thermally-Stable Cooling Flow Model
• The fate of the interstellar medium in early-type galaxies. III. The mechanism of ISM removal and quenching of star formation
• Modeling Hot Gas Flow in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC3115
• On the origin and fate of ionised-gas in early-type galaxies: the SAURON perspective
• New class of Very High Energy gamma-ray emitter: radio-dark mini-shells surrounding AGN jets
• Hot gas in groups: NGC 5328 and the intriguing case of NGC 4756 with XMM-Newton
• Hidden AGNs in Early-Type Galaxies
• Defying jet-gas alignment in two radio galaxies at z~2 with extended light profiles: Similarities to brightest cluster galaxies
• Large-Scale Gas Dynamics in the Adhesion Model: Implications for the Two-Phase Massive Galaxy Formation Scenario
• Uncovering Planetary Nebulae in Early Type Galaxies using the Rutgers Fabry-Perot
• On the nature of local instabilities in rotating galactic coronae and cool cores of galaxy clusters
• An In-Depth Study of the Abundance Pattern in the Hot Interstellar Medium in NGC 4649
• Extended multiwavelength fuzz around red quasars: observational appearance of radiative feedback in action
• The Star Formation and Nuclear Accretion Histories of Normal Galaxies in the AGES Survey
• The Hot Gas Exhaust of Starburst Engines in Mergers: Testing Models of Stellar Feedback and Star Formation Regulation
• Non-steady heating of cool cores of galaxy clusters by ubiquitous turbulence and AGN
• Evolution of non-thermal emission from shell associated with AGN jets
• Final stage of merging binaries of supermassive black holes: observational signatures
• The Circumgalactic Medium in Massive Halos
• Ram pressure stripping in elliptical galaxies: II. magnetic field effects
• Modeling X-ray Emission Around Galaxies
• HST Detection of Extended Neutral Hydrogen in a Massive Elliptical at z = 0.4
• Properties of the circumgalactic medium in simulations compared to observations
• Unifying static analysis of gravitational structures with a scale-dependent scalar field gravity as an alternative to dark matter
• Removal and mixing of the coronal gas from satellites in galaxy groups: cooling the intragoup gas
• Ram pressure stripping in elliptical galaxies: I. the impact of the interstellar medium turbulence
• The dynamics of three nearby E0 galaxies in refracted gravity
• The changing ISM of massive elliptical galaxies and cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and quasars
• Transonic solutions of isothermal galactic winds in a cold dark matter halo
• A fast and accurate method to compute the mass return from multiple stellar populations
• Captures of Red Giant Stars by Black Holes in Elliptical Galaxies: Feedback to the Hot Gas
• Clues on black hole feedback from simulated and observed X-ray properties of elliptical galaxies
• The Hercules cluster in X-rays with $XMM$-$Newton$ and $Chandra$
• The Hot Interstellar Medium
• Polytropic dark halos of elliptical galaxies
• The Highly Self-Absorbed Blazar, PKS\,1351$-$018
• Nonthermal afterglow of the binary neutron star merger GW170817: a more natural modeling of electron energy distribution leads to a qualitatively different new solution
• Narrow Band X-ray Photometry as a Tool for Studying Galaxy and Cluster Mass Distributions
• XMM-Newton X-ray and Optical Monitor far UV observations of NGC 7070A and ESO 2400100 shell galaxies
• Chandra survey of nearby highly inclined disk galaxies -- V: emission structure and origin of galactic coronae
• Superdisks and the structural asymmetry of radio galaxies
• The Afterglows of Ultraluminous Quasars
• Significant H I and Metal Differences around the z = 0.83 Lens Galaxy Towards the Doubly Lensed Quasar SBS 0909+532
• Suppression of Star Formation in the Hosts of Low-Excitation Radio Galaxies
• Connecting Star Formation Quenching with Galaxy Structure and Supermassive Black Holes through Gravitational Heating of Cooling Flows
• Global structure and dynamics of slowly rotating accretion flows
• Spectral Energy Distribution Mapping of Two Elliptical Galaxies on sub-kpc scales
• The Size of the Cooling Region of Hot Gas in Two Elliptical Galaxies
• The Energetics of Launching the Most Powerful Jets in Quasars: A Study of 3C82
• The infalling elliptical galaxy M89: The chemical composition of the AGN disturbed hot atmosphere
• Galactic Traversability: A New Concept for Extragalactic SETI
• X-ray Halos around Massive Galaxies: Data and Theory
• Gravitational and distributed heating effects of a cD galaxy on the hydrodynamical structure of its host cluster
• The Energetics of the Central Engine in the Powerful Quasar, 3C298
• A multi-wavelength study of nuclear activity and environment of a low power radio galaxy CTD 86
• X-ray properties of massive compact relic galaxies
• Refracted Gravity Solutions from Small to Large Scales
• Connections between Central Intensity Ratio and hot gas properties of early-type galaxies
• The AGN fuelling/feedback cycle in nearby radio galaxies -- IV. Molecular gas conditions and jet-ISM interaction in NGC3100
• Relationships Between Stellar Velocity Dispersion and the Atmospheres of Early-Type Galaxies
• A unified framework for hot accretion flows with finite angular momentum: from Bondi-like to disc-like regimes
• A Parameter Space Exploration of High Resolution Numerically Evolved Early Type Galaxies Including AGN Feedback and Accurate Dynamical Treatment of Stellar Orbits
• A non-uniform metal distribution in the ram-pressure stripped circumgalactic medium of M86
• The mass-dependent interplay of active galacitc nuclei and supernova feedback in shaping the $L_{\mathrm{X}}$--$T$ relation of early-type galaxies
• Radial Distributions of Star Formation and Gas-phase Metallicity in Spiral-Elliptical Galaxy Pairs