CARMA-NRO Orion Survey: unbiased survey of dense cores and core mass functions in Orion A

Abstract

The mass distribution of dense cores is a potential key to understand the process of star formation. Applying dendrogram analysis to the CARMA-NRO Orion C${}^{18}$O ($J$=1--0) data, we identify 2342 dense cores, about 22 \% of which have virial ratios smaller than 2, and can be classified as gravitationally bound cores. The derived core mass function (CMF) for bound starless cores which are not associate with protostars has a slope similar to Salpeter's initial mass function (IMF) for the mass range above 1 $M_{\odot }$, with a peak at $\sim$ 0.1 $M_{\odot }$. We divide the cloud into four parts based on the declination, OMC-1/2/3, OMC-4/5, L1641N/V380 Ori, and L1641C, and derive the CMFs in these regions. We find that starless cores with masses greater than 10 $M_{\odot }$ exist only in OMC-1/2/3, whereas the CMFs in OMC-4/5, L1641N, and L1641C are truncated at around 5--10 $M_{\odot }$. From the number ratio of bound starless cores and Class II objects in each subregion, the lifetime of bound starless cores is estimated to be 5--30 free-fall times, consistent with previous studies for other regions. In addition, we discuss core growth by mass accretion from the surrounding cloud material to explain the coincidence of peak masses between IMFs and CMFs. The mass accretion rate required for doubling the core mass within a core lifetime is larger than that of Bondi-Hoyle accretion by a factor of order 2. This implies that more dynamical accretion processes are required to grow cores.

arXiv comment58 pages, 33 figures, 21 tables, accepted by ApJS

References in corpus (70)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Theory of Star Formation
• Control of star formation by supersonic turbulence
• The Spitzer c2d Legacy Results: Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies; Evolution and Lifetimes
• From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF: Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• The distance to the Orion Nebula
• Structural Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Dendrograms
• The mass function of dense molecular cores and the origin of the IMF
• Star formation through gravitational collapse and competitive accretion
• Efficiencies of Low-Mass Star and Star Cluster Formation
• Global Hierarchical Collapse In Molecular Clouds. Towards a Comprehensive Scenario
• A Minimum Column Density of 1 g cm^-2 for Massive Star Formation
• Low Virial Parameters in Molecular Clouds: Implications for High Mass Star Formation and Magnetic Fields
• Inefficient star formation through turbulence, magnetic fields and feedback
• A Catalogue of Optically Selected Cores
• An ALMA study of the Orion Integral Filament: I. Evidence for narrow fibers in a massive cloud
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and Fits Using a Grid of Protostellar Models
• A SCUBA survey of Orion, the low-mass end of the core mass function
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). I. Pilot Survey: Clump Fragmentation
• Fragmentation of Molecular Clumps and Formation of Protocluster
• Filaments in Simulations of Molecular Cloud Formation
• The Origin of Massive Stars: The Inertial-Inflow Model
• On the Structure of the Orion A Cloud and the Formation of the Orion Nebula Cluster
• The Initial Mass Function of the Orion Nebula Cluster across the H-burning limit
• Disruption of the Orion Molecular Core 1 by the stellar wind of the massive star ${\theta }^1$ Ori C
• The unexpectedly large proportion of high-mass star-forming cores in a Galactic mini-starburst
• 3D shape of Orion A from Gaia DR2
• Cloud-cloud collisions and triggered star formation
• The Star Formation Rate in the Gravoturbulent Interstellar Medium
• Gravitational collapse of the OMC-1 region
• Two Mass Distributions in the L 1641 Molecular Clouds: The Herschel connection of Dense Cores and Filaments in Orion A
• The CARMA-NRO Orion Survey
• The physical and chemical structure of Sagittarius B2. II. Continuum millimeter emission of SgrB2(M) and SgrB2(N) with ALMA
• High abundance ratio of ${}^{13}$CO to C${}^{18}$O toward photon-dominated regions in the Orion-A giant molecular cloud
• Evidence For Cloud-Cloud Collision and Parsec-Scale Stellar Feedback Within the L1641-N Region
• Formation of Cold Filamentary Structure from Wind Blown Superbubbles
• VISION - Vienna survey in Orion I. VISTA Orion A Survey
• On The Nature of Variations in the Measured Star Formation Efficiency of Molecular Clouds
• Impact of Protostellar Outflow on Star Formation: Effects of Initial Cloud Mass
• Properties of dense cores in clustered massive star-forming regions at high angular resolution
• GMC Collisions as Triggers of Star Formation. II. 3D Turbulent, Magnetized Simulations
• The Core Mass Function Across Galactic Environments. II. Infrared Dark Cloud Clumps
• The IMF of stellar clusters: effects of accretion and feedback
• Evidence for Environmental Dependence of the Upper Stellar Initial Mass Function in Orion A
• The Core Mass Function in the Massive Protocluster G286.21+0.17 revealed by ALMA
• Physical Properties of Dense Cores in the Rho Ophiuchi Main Cloud and A Significant Role of External Pressures in Clustered Star Formation
• From the CMF to the IMF: Beyond the Core-Collapse Model
• A Far-Infrared Survey of Molecular Cloud Cores
• A possible link between the power spectrum of interstellar filaments and the origin of the prestellar core mass function
• FRagmentation and Evolution of dense cores Judged by ALMA (FREJA). I (Overview). Inner $\sim$1000 au structures of prestellar/protostellar cores in Taurus
• Molecular clouds in the NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 region; Evidence for a 100 pc-scale cloud-cloud collision triggering the Galactic mini-starbursts
• The JCMT BISTRO Survey: The Distribution of Magnetic Field Strengths towards the OMC-1 Region
• Physical Properties of the star-forming clusters in NGC 6334
• Catalog of dense cores in the Orion A giant molecular cloud
• Nobeyama 45-m mapping observations toward nearby molecular clouds, Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17: Project overview
• The Dynamical State of The Serpens South Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud
• A C${}^{18}$O study of the origin of the power-law nature in the IMF
• Nobeyama 45-m Mapping Observations toward Orion A.I. Molecular Outflows
• The CARMA-NRO Orion Survey: Protostellar Outflows, Energetics, and Filamentary Alignment
• Nobeyama 45 m Mapping Observations toward Orion A. II. Classification of cloud structures and variation of the ${}^{13}$CO/C${}^{18}$O abundance ratio due to far-UV Radiation
• The Core Mass Function in the Orion Nebula Cluster Region: What Determines the Final Stellar Masses?
• The intrinsic abundance ratio and X-factor of CO isotopologues in L1551 shielded from FUV photodissociation
• Evidence of Core Growth in the Dragon Infrared Dark Cloud: A Path for Massive Star Formation
• Star Cluster Formation in Orion A
• Variation of the Core Lifetime and Fragmentation Scale in Molecular Clouds as an Indication of Ambipolar Diffusion
• A mid-IR survey of the L 1641-N region with ISOCAM
• Studies of the distinct regions due to CO selective dissociation in the Aquila molecular cloud
• The C${}^{18}$O core mass function toward Orion A: Single-dish observations

Cited by in corpus (4)

• The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores
• Will ALMA Reveal the True Core Mass Function of Protoclusters?
• Timescales of Solar System Formation Based on Al-Ti Isotope Correlation by Supernova Ejecta
• Can Protostellar Outflows Set Stellar Masses?