Structural Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Dendrograms

Abstract

We demonstrate the utility of dendrograms at representing the essential features of the hierarchical structure of the isosurfaces for molecular line data cubes. The dendrogram of a data cube is an abstraction of the changing topology of the isosurfaces as a function of contour level. The ability to track hierarchical structure over a range of scales makes this analysis philosophically different from local segmentation algorithms like CLUMPFIND. Points in the dendrogram structure correspond to specific volumes in data cubes defined by their bounding isosurfaces. We further refine the technique by measuring the properties associated with each isosurface in the analysis allowing for a multiscale calculation of molecular gas properties. Using COMPLETE 13CO(1-0) data from the L1448 region in Perseus and mock observations of a simulated data cube, we identify regions that have a significant contribution by self-gravity to their energetics on a range of scales. We find evidence for self-gravitation on all spatial scales in L1448 though not in all regions. In the simulated observations, nearly all of the emission is found in objects that would be self-gravitating if gravity were included in the simulation. We reconstruct the size-line width relationship within the data cube using the dendrogram-derived properties and find it follows the standard relation: s_v ~ R^0.58. Finally, we show that constructing the dendrogram of CO J=1-0 emission from the Orion-Monoceros region allows for the identification of giant molecular clouds in a blended molecular line data set using only a physically motivated definition (self-gravitating clouds with masses 5x10^4 Msun.

15 pages, 16 figures. Accepted to ApJ. Paper will full resolution figures available at http://people.ok.ubc.ca/erosolo/dendrograms.pdf

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• The KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS): Kinematics and clumpiness of low-mass galaxies at cosmic noon
• ALMA observations of two massive and dense MALT90 clumps
• GMC Collisions As Triggers of Star Formation. VIII. The Core Mass Function
• Dynamical Properties of Molecular-forming Gas Clumps in Galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• HI mapping of the Leo Triplet: Morphologies and kinematics of tails and bridges
• A study of photoionized gas in two HII regions of the N44 complex in the LMC using MUSE observations
• Giant molecular clouds and their Type classification in M74: Toward understanding star formation and cloud evolution
• Molecular clouds in M51 from high-resolution extinction mapping
• Multi log-normal density structure in Cygnus-X molecular clouds: A fitting for N-PDF without power-law
• Interaction between the Supernova Remnant W44 and the Infrared Dark Cloud G034.77-00.55: shock induced star formation?
• Molecular Cloud Matching in CO and Dust in M33 I. High-Resolution Hydrogen Column Density Maps from Herschel
• SIT 45: An interacting, compact, and star-forming isolated galaxy triplet
• A new phase of massive star formation? A luminous outflow cavity centred on an infrared quiet core
• Hot Molecular Core Candidates in the Galactic Center 50 km/s Molecular Cloud
• The JCMT BISTRO-3 Survey: Variation of magnetic field orientations on parsec and sub-parsec scales in the massive star-forming region G28.34+0.06
• Robustness of Synthetic Observations in Producing Observed Core Properties: Predictions for the TolTEC Clouds to Cores Legacy Survey
• A Comprehensive All-Sky Catalog of 3345 Molecular Clouds from Three-dimensional Dust Extinction
• Magnetic stability of massive star forming clumps in RCW 106
• Cloud Motion and magnetic fields: Four clouds in the Cepheus Flare region
• ACA CO(J=2-1) Mapping of the Nearest Spiral Galaxy M33. II. Exploring the Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds
• Discovery of a distant molecular cloud in the extreme outer Galaxy with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope
• A Guide to Comparisons of Star Formation Simulations with Observations
• ALMA ${}^{13}\mathrm{CO}$(J=1-0) Observations of NGC 604 in M33: Physical Properties of Molecular Clouds
• Dwarf-Dwarf interactions and their influence on star formation : Insights from post-merger galaxies
• On the Scarcity of Dense Cores ($n>10^5$ cm${}^{-3}$) in High Latitude Planck Galactic Cold Clumps
• The Hierarchical Dynamical State of Molecular Gas from 3 to 300 pc in NGC 253
• Shear-gravity transition determines the steep velocity dispersion-size relation in molecular clouds: confronting analytical formula with observations
• ALMA Datacubes and Continuum Maps of the Irradiated Western Wall in Carina
• Cluster Formation in GGD12-15: Infall Motion with Rotation of the Natal Clump
• On the Flux-Intensity Relation of Molecular Clouds
• ArTéMiS imaging of the filamentary infrared dark clouds G1.75-0.08 and G11.36+0.80: Dust-based physical properties of the clouds and their clumps
• The Correlation Between Dust and Gas Contents in Molecular Clouds
• Resolving star-forming clumps in a z $\sim$ 2 lensed galaxy: a pixelated Bayesian approach
• The fragmentation of molecular clouds in starburst environments
• Investigations of MWISP Filaments. I. Filament Identification and Analysis Algorithms, and Source Catalogue
• Investigating variations in the dust emissivity index in the Andromeda galaxy
• Cloud structure and young star distribution in the Dragonfish complex
• MeerKAT and ALMA view of the AGAL045.804-0.356 clump
• KAgoshima Galactic Object survey with Nobeyama 45-metre telescope by Mapping in Ammonia lines (KAGONMA): Discovery of parsec-scale CO depletion in the Canis Major star-forming region
• The Disk Population in a Distant Massive Protocluster
• Cloud populations versus galactic environment in NGC4689, NGC628, NGC1566, and NGC4321
• ALMA discovery of a dual dense probably rotating outflow from a massive young stellar object G18.88MME
• Molecular cloud matching in CO and dust in M33 II. Physical properties of giant molecular clouds
• GASTON: Galactic Star Formation with NIKA2: A new population of cold massive sources discovered
• Sub-kpc scale gas density histogram of the Galactic molecular gas: a new statistical method to characterise galactic-scale gas structures
• Parabolic-like Trend in SiO Ratios throughout the Central Molecular Zone: Possible Signature of a Past Nuclear Activity in the Galactic Center
• Statistical Tools of ISM turbulence
• A FUV-optical approach for studying hierarchical star formation in nearby galaxies with UVIT
• Linear filament and nested cluster evolution tomography (LANCET) I. Capture the evolution of dense gas in 14-parsec filament G316.8
• CO mapping of Cygnus-X -- volume density distribution
• Resolving the formation of cold HI filaments in the high velocity cloud complex C
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: Searching for Keplerian disks on the scale of 500 au
• Accretion vs. Core-Filament Collision: Implications for Streamer Formation in Per-emb-2
• Spatially Resolved Star Formation relations in local LIRGs along the complete merger sequence
• The dominance of turbulence over magnetism in the formation of massive star cluster seeds
• Molecular Clouds at the Edge of the Galaxy II. Physical properties and scaling relations
• Investigating the young stellar populations and hierarchies in nearby galaxies with the UVIT. II. Presenting the properties of ~25,000 UV-detected star-forming clumps
• CO Structures with Narrow Lines in Nearby Quiescent Regions
• FIRESTORM I: Stellar Feedback and Gas Kinematics in the Evolved W40 Hub-Filament System
• Evidence for the gravity-driven and magnetically-regularized gas flows feeding the massive protostellar cluster in Cepheus A
• Contour Analysis Tool: an interactive tool for background and morphology analysis
• The road toward a full, high resolution Molecular Cloud catalog of the Galaxy
• ALMA-IMF VIII -- Combination of Interferometric Continuum Images with Single-Dish Surveys and Structural Analysis of Six Protoclusters
• On the scale-height of the molecular gas disc in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Galactic Star Formation with NIKA2 (GASTON): Evidence of mass accretion onto dense clumps
• Kinematics and Feedback in H II regions in the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy IC 10
• Systematic Investigation of Dust and Gaseous CO in 12 Nearby Molecular Clouds
• Examinations of CO completeness based on three independent CO surveys
• The Dynamical State of Massive Clumps
• A Core Mass Function Indistinguishable from the Salpeter Stellar Initial Mass Function Using 1000 au Resolution ALMA Observations
• CO Observations of the SMC-N66 Hii Region with ALMA: Properties of Clumps along Filamentary Molecular Clouds and Possible Expansion Motion
• Unveiling Fiber Networks and Core Formation in the DR21 South Filament