Exploring GLIMPSE Bubble N107: Multiwavelength Observations and Simulations

Abstract

Context. Bubble N107 was discovered in the infrared emission of dust in the Galactic Plane observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope (GLIMPSE survey: l ~ 51.0 deg, b ~ 0.1 deg). The bubble represents an example of shell-like structures found all over the Milky Way Galaxy. Aims. We aim to analyse the atomic and molecular components of N107, as well as its radio continuum emission. With the help of numerical simulations, we aim to estimate the bubble age and other parameters which cannot be derived directly from observations. Methods. From the observations of the HI (I-GALFA) and 13CO (GRS) lines we derive the bubble's kinematical distance and masses of the atomic and molecular components. With the algorithm DENDROFIND, we decompose molecular material into individual clumps. From the continuum observations at 1420 MHz (VGPS) and 327 MHz (WSRT), we derive the radio flux density and the spectral index. With the numerical code ring, we simulate the evolution of stellar-blown bubbles similar to N107. Results. The total HI mass associated with N107 is 5.4E3 Msun. The total mass of the molecular component (a mixture of cold gasses of H2, CO, He and heavier elements) is 1.3E5 Msun, from which 4.0E4 Msun is found along the bubble border. We identified 49 molecular clumps distributed along the bubble border, with the slope of the clump mass function of -1.1. The spectral index of -0.30 of a strong radio source located apparently within the bubble indicates nonthermal emission, hence part of the flux likely originates in a supernova remnant, not yet catalogued. The numerical simulations suggest N107 is likely less than 2.25 Myr old. Since first supernovae explode only after 3 Myr or later, no supernova remnant should be present within the bubble. It may be explained if there is a supernova remnant in the direction towards the bubble, however not associated with it.

15 pages, 11 figures

References in corpus (8)

• The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• The Boston University-Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey
• Structural Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Dendrograms
• The WFCAM Science Archive
• The Atomic to Molecular Transition in Galaxies. II: HI and H_2 Column Densities
• The VLA Galactic Plane Survey
• Abundances and Behavior of 12CO, 13CO, and C2 in Translucent Sight Lines
• Infrared Emission and the Destruction of Dust in HII regions

Cited by in corpus (8)

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• Massive Stars in the W33 Giant Molecular Complex
• Molecular Lines of 13 Galactic Infrared Bubble Regions
• Supernova Remnant Candidates Discovered by the SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey
• Infrared dust bubble CS51 and its interaction with the surrounding interstellar medium
• G345.45+1.50: An expanding ring-like structure with massive star formation
• Correlation of HI shells and CO clumps in the outer Milky Way
• Detections of massive stars in the cluster MCM2005b77, in the star-forming regions GRS G331.34$-$00.36 (S62) and GRS G337.92$-$00.48 (S36)