The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: Observations of Hierarchical Dense Gas Structures in Cepheus-L1251

Abstract

We use Green Bank Ammonia Survey observations of NH${}_3$ (1,1) and (2,2) emission with 32'' FWHM resolution from a ~ 10 pc${}^2$ portion of the Cepheus-L1251 molecular cloud to identify hierarchical dense gas structures. Our dendrogram analysis of the NH${}_3$ data results in 22 top-level structures, which reside within 13 lower-level, parent structures. The structures are compact (0.01 pc $\lesssim R_{eff}\lesssim$ 0.1 pc) and are spatially correlated with the highest H${}_2$ column density portions of the cloud. We also compare the ammonia data to a catalog of dense cores identified by higher-resolution (18.2'' FWHM) Herschel Space Observatory observations of dust continuum emission from Cepheus-L1251. Maps of kinetic gas temperature, velocity dispersion, and NH${}_3$ column density, derived from detailed modeling of the NH${}_3$ data, are used to investigate the stability and chemistry of the ammonia-identified and Herschel-identified structures. We show that the dust and dense gas in the structures have similar temperatures, with median $T_{dust}$ and $T_K$ measurements of 11.7 $\pm$ 1.1 K and 10.3 $\pm$ 2.0 K, respectively. Based on a virial analysis, we find that the ammonia-identified structures are gravitationally dominated, yet may be in or near a state of virial equilibrium. Meanwhile, the majority of the Herschel-identified dense cores appear to be not bound by their own gravity and instead confined by external pressure. CCS $(2_0-1_0)$ and HC${}_5$N $(9-8)$ emission from the region reveal broader line widths and centroid velocity offsets when compared to the NH${}_3$ (1,1) emission in some cases, likely due to these carbon-based molecules tracing the turbulent outer layers of the dense cores.

Accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Hyperfine Group Ratio: A Recipe for Deriving Kinetic Temperature from Ammonia Inversion Lines
• Effects of stellar feedback on cores in STARFORGE
• Interstellar Nitrogen Isotope Ratios: New NH3 Data from the Galactic Center out to the Perseus Arm
• A Survey of Deuterated Ammonia in the Cepheus Star-Forming Region L1251
• An ALMA search for substructure and fragmentation in starless cores in Orion B North
• Searching for further evidence for cloud-cloud collisions in L1188
• Prestellar Cores in Turbulent Clouds: Properties of Critical Cores