Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet $\beta$ Pic c

Abstract

Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. %, and thus on long orbital period. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once. Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way. We observed the recently-discovered giant planet $\beta$ Pictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature of $T=1250\pm 50$\,K and a dynamical mass of $M=8.2\pm 0.8M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$. At $18.5\pm 2.5$\,Myr, this puts $\beta$ Pic c close to a 'hot start' track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7\,au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude ($M_{\mathrm{K}}=14.3\pm 0.1$) favours a core accretion scenario. We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation.

arXiv comment10 pages

References in corpus (31)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
• Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 20945
• The NextGen Model Atmosphere grid for $3000\le \Teff \le 10000\K$
• REBOUND: An open-source multi-purpose N-body code for collisional dynamics
• IAS15: A fast, adaptive, high-order integrator for gravitational dynamics, accurate to machine precision over a billion orbits
• First Light for GRAVITY: Phase Referencing Optical Interferometry for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer
• On the Luminosity of Young Jupiters
• Can giant planets form by direct gravitational instability?
• Stellar and substellar companions of nearby stars from Gaia DR2 - Binarity from proper motion anomaly
• Dynamical Evolution of the Early Solar System
• Rotational velocities of A-type stars IV. Evolution of rotational velocities
• Detectability of Extrasolar Planets in Radial Velocity Surveys
• Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e
• A self-consistent cloud model for brown dwarfs and young giant exoplanets: comparison with photometric and spectroscopic observations
• Constraining the initial entropy of directly-detected exoplanets
• Consistent simulations of substellar atmospheres and non-equilibrium dust-cloud formation
• orbitize!: A Comprehensive Orbit-fitting Software Package for the High-contrast Imaging Community
• First direct detection of an exoplanet by optical interferometry; Astrometry and K-band spectroscopy of HR8799 e
• MIRACLES: atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets and substellar companions at 4-5 $\mu$m. I. Photometric analysis of $\beta$ Pic b, HIP 65426 b, PZ Tel B and HD 206893 B
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation III: The statistics of planetary luminosities
• Dynamical traceback age of the $\beta$ Pictoris moving group
• The stability and fates of hierarchical two-planet systems
• The mass of the young planet Pictoris b through the astrometric motion of its host star
• Luminosity of young Jupiters revisited. Massive cores make hot planets
• The GRAVITY fringe tracker
• The Planetary Accretion Shock: I. Framework for Radiation-hydrodynamical Simulations and First Results
• The Planetary Accretion Shock. II. Grid of Post-Shock Entropies and Radiative Shock Efficiencies for Non-Equilibrium Radiation Transport
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Dynamical Mass of the Exoplanet beta Pictoris b from Combined Direct Imaging and Astrometry
• Revisiting the pulsational characteristics of the exoplanet host star $\beta$ Pictoris
• Spin-orbit alignment of the $\beta$ Pictoris planetary system

Cited by in corpus (75)

• Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia EDR3 -- Proper motion anomaly and resolved common proper motion pairs
• Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY
• 3-D selection of 167 sub-stellar companions to nearby stars
• The mass of Beta Pictoris c from Beta Pictoris b orbital motion
• AF Lep b: the lowest mass planet detected coupling astrometric and direct imaging data
• Detection and Bulk Properties of the HR 8799 Planets with High Resolution Spectroscopy
• Direct discovery of the inner exoplanet in the HD206893 system. Evidence for deuterium burning in a planetary-mass companion
• Direct Imaging and Astrometric Detection of a Gas Giant Planet Orbiting an Accelerating Star
• Perturbers: SPHERE detection limits to planetary-mass companions in protoplanetary disks
• Improved Dynamical Masses for Six Brown Dwarf Companions Using Hipparcos and Gaia EDR3
• Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: A Giant Planet Imaged Inside the Debris Disk of the Young Star AF Lep
• Precise Dynamical Masses and Orbital Fits for $\beta$ Pic b and $\beta$ Pic c
• Rotation Periods, Inclinations, and Obliquities of Cool Stars Hosting Directly Imaged Substellar Companions: Spin-Orbit Misalignments are Common
• Four-of-a-kind? Comprehensive atmospheric characterisation of the HR 8799 planets with VLTI/GRAVITY
• The JWST Early Release Science Program for the Direct Imaging & Spectroscopy of Exoplanetary Systems
• The Second Discovery from the COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS) Program: A Cold Wide-Orbit Exoplanet around a Young Field M Dwarf at 10.9 pc
• Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: Discovery and Characterization of HIP 21152 B, the First T-Dwarf Companion in the Hyades
• Dynamical Mass of the Young Substellar Companion HD 984 B
• Orbital and dynamical analysis of the system around HR 8799. New astrometric epochs from VLT/SPHERE and LBT/LUCI
• Constraining the Orbit and Mass of epsilon Eridani b with Radial Velocities, Hipparcos IAD-Gaia DR2 Astrometry, and Multi-epoch Vortex Coronagraphy Upper Limits
• Direct emission spectroscopy of exoplanets with the medium resolution imaging spectrometer on board JWST MIRI: I. Molecular mapping and sensitivity to instrumental effects
• The Impact of Bayesian Hyperpriors on the Population-Level Eccentricity Distribution of Imaged Planets
• Retrieval study of cool, directly imaged exoplanet 51 Eri b
• First Light for GRAVITY Wide: Large Separation Fringe Tracking for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer
• High contrast imaging at 10 microns, a search for exoplanets around: Eps Indi A, Eps Eri, Tau Ceti, Sirius A and Sirius B
• Asgard/NOTT: L-band nulling interferometry at the VLTI I. Simulating the expected high-contrast performance
• GRAVITY K-band spectroscopy of HD 206893 B: brown dwarf or exoplanet
• Dynamical Mass of the Exoplanet Host Star HR 8799
• Chemical analysis of early-type stars with planets
• Catalogue of exoplanets accessible in reflected starlight to the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. A population study and prospects for phase-curve measurements
• The Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope -- IV. Aperture Masking Interferometry
• Simulated performance of the molecular mapping for young giant exoplanets with the Medium Resolution Spectrometer of JWST/MIRI
• JWST-TST High Contrast: JWST/NIRCam observations of the young giant planet $\beta$ Pic b
• Combining Gaia and GRAVITY: Characterising five new Directly Detected Substellar Companions
• The $\beta$ Pictoris b Hill sphere transit campaign. Paper I: Photometric limits to dust and rings
• Dynamical Mass of the Young Brown Dwarf Companion PZ Tel B
• Direct imaging of exoplanets: Legacy and prospects
• In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086
• A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
• VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B
• The beta Pictoris system: Setting constraints on the planet and the disk structures at mid-IR wavelengths with NEAR
• Detection and Characterisation of Giant Planets with Gaia Astrometry
• Polarization from Aligned Dust Grains in the $\beta$ Pic Debris Disk
• Mutual inclinations between giant planets and their debris discs in HD 113337 and HD 38529
• Constraints on the nearby exoplanet $\epsilon$ Ind Ab from deep near/mid-infrared imaging limits
• Multi-modal atmospheric characterization of $\beta$ Pictoris b: Adding high-resolution continuum spectra from GRAVITY
• Curves of growth for transiting exocomets: Application to Fe II lines in the Beta Pictoris system
• A catalogue of dual-field interferometric binary calibrators
• Differentiating Formation Models with New Dynamical Masses for the PDS 70 Protoplanets
• Imaging of exocomets with infrared interferometry
• Population of excited levels of Fe+, Ni+ and Cr+ in exocomets gaseous tails
• First Light for the GRAVITY+ Adaptive Optics: Extreme Adaptive Optics for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer
• Abundances of refractory ions in Beta Pictoris exocomets
• Formation of the warped debris disc around $\beta$ Pictoris
• The ExoGRAVITY survey: A K-band spectral library of giant exoplanet and brown dwarf companions
• The Direct Mid-Infrared Detectability of Habitable-zone Exoplanets Around Nearby Stars
• High-contrast spectroscopy with the new VLT/ERIS instrument: Molecular maps and radial velocity of the gas giant AF Lep b
• Dynamics of the Beta Pictoris planetary system and possibility of an additional planet
• Detecting planetary mass companions near the water frost-line using JWST interferometry
• WIde Separation Planets In Time (WISPIT): Two directly imaged exoplanets around the Sun-like stellar binary WISPIT 1
• A multi-technique detection of an eccentric giant planet around accelerating star HD 57625
• Exocomet orbital distribution around $\beta$ Pictoris
• SCExAO/CHARIS and Gaia Direct Imaging and Astrometric Discovery of a Superjovian Planet 3--4 lambda/D from the Accelerating Star HIP 54515
• HD 143811 AB b: A Directly Imaged Planet Orbiting a Spectroscopic Binary in Sco-Cen
• The mid-infrared spectrum of $\beta$ Pictoris b. First VLTI/MATISSE interferometric observations of an exoplanet
• Exoplanets in reflected starlight with dual-field interferometry: A case for shorter wavelengths and a fifth Unit Telescope at VLTI/Paranal
• Radial velocity analysis of stars with debris discs
• A Kinematic History of Stellar Encounters with Beta Pictoris
• YSES 2b is a background star: Differential astrometric M-dwarf measurements in time
• Transit distances and composition of low-velocity exocomets in the $\beta$ Pic system
• The $\beta$ Pictoris b Hill sphere transit campaign. Paper II: Searching for the signatures of the $\beta$ Pictoris exoplanets through time delay analysis of the $\delta$ Scuti pulsations
• Direct Imaging Discovery of Giant Exoplanet $\beta$ Pictoris d: A Decade-Long Game of Hide-and-Seek
• CoronaGraph Instrument Reference stars for Exoplanets (CorGI-REx) I. Preliminary Vetting and Implications for the Roman Coronagraph and Habitable Worlds Observatory
• Eighteen Exoplanet Host Stars from the NPOI Data Archive
• Searching for Embedded Protoplanets with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph: Confirmation of a Core-accretion Planet in the Narrow Gap of the Elias 2-24 Disk