Search for brown-dwarf companions of stars

Abstract

The discovery of 9 new brown-dwarf candidates orbiting stars in the CORALIE and HARPS radial-velocity surveys is reported. New CORALIE radial velocities yielding accurate orbits of 6 previously-known hosts of potential brown-dwarf companions are presented. Including targets selected from the literature, 33 hosts of potential brown-dwarf companions are examined. Employing innovative methods, we use the new reduction of the Hipparcos data to fully characterise the astrometric orbits of 6 objects, revealing M-dwarf companions with masses between 90 M_Jup and 0.52 M_Sun. Additionally, the masses of two companions can be restricted to the stellar domain. The companion to HD 137510 is found to be a brown dwarf. At 95 % confidence, the companion of HD 190228 is also a brown dwarf. The remaining 23 companions persist as brown-dwarf candidates. Based on the CORALIE planet-search sample, we obtain an upper limit of 0.6 % for the frequency of brown-dwarf companions around Sun-like stars. We find that the companion-mass distribution function is rising at the lower end of the brown-dwarf mass range, suggesting that in fact we are detecting the high-mass tail of the planetary distribution.

24 pages, 21 figures, 10 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Abridged abstract

References in corpus (19)

• Spectroscopic parameters for 451 stars in the HARPS GTO planet search program. Stellar [Fe/H] and the frequency of exo-Neptunes
• Basic physical parameters of a selected sample of evolved stars
• Tertiary companions to close spectroscopic binaries
• Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: The first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert
• Double-blind test program for astrometric planet detection with Gaia
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets: XIV. Gl 176b, a super-Earth rather than a Neptune, and at a different period
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. IX. mu Ara, a system with four planets
• Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XV. CoRoT-15b: a brown dwarf transiting companion
• The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets XV. Discovery of two eccentric planets orbiting HD4113 and HD156846
• The Mass of the Candidate Exoplanet Companion to HD 33636 from Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry and High-Precision Radial Velocities
• A Substellar Companion to the Intermediate-Mass Giant 11 Com
• Astrometric Orbits for Hipparcos Stochastic Binaries
• Fourteen New Companions from the Keck & Lick Radial Velocity Survey Including Five Brown Dwarf Candidates
• The HARPS search for southern extrasolar planets. XXIII. 8 planetary companions to low-activity solar-type stars
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XVII. Six long-period giant planets around BD -17 0063, HD 20868, HD 73267, HD 131664, HD 145377, HD 153950
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XII. A giant planet orbiting the metal-poor star HD171028
• The orbits of the quadruple star system 88 Tau A from PHASES differential astrometry and radial velocity
• HD 91669b: A New Brown Dwarf Candidate from the McDonald Observatory Planet Search
• HIPPARCOS Astrometric Orbit and Evolutionary Status of HR 6046

Cited by in corpus (139)

• Stellar Multiplicity
• The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems
• Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database
• KELT-1b: A Strongly Irradiated, Highly Inflated, Short Period, 27 Jupiter-mass Companion Transiting a mid-F Star
• Gaia Data Release 3: Stellar multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasure
• Revealing δ Cephei's Secret Companion and Intriguing Past
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). I. Bern global model of planet formation and evolution, model tests, and emerging planetary systems
• Statistical Properties of Brown Dwarf Companions: Implications for Different Formation Mechanisms
• Precise Dynamical Masses of Directly Imaged Companions from Relative Astrometry, Radial Velocities, and Hipparcos-Gaia DR2 Accelerations
• WASP-30b: a 61 Mjup brown dwarf transiting a V=12, F8 star
• Global Models of Planet Formation and Evolution
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Hot Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXX. Planetary systems around stars with solar-like magnetic cycles and short-term activity variation
• Gaia DR3 astrometric orbit determination with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Genetic Algorithms. Systems with stellar, substellar, and planetary mass companions
• Detection Of KOI-13.01 Using The Photometric Orbit
• Deuterium Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-Mass Brown Dwarfs formed by Core-Nucleated Accretion
• 3-D selection of 167 sub-stellar companions to nearby stars
• Speckle interferometry at SOAR in 2014
• Observational evidence for two distinct giant planet populations
• The EBLM Project IV. Spectroscopic orbits of over 100 eclipsing M dwarfs masquerading as transiting hot-Jupiters
• SWEET-Cat updated. New homogenous spectroscopic parameters
• Planetary population synthesis
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates III. KOI-423b: an 18 Mjup transiting companion around an F7IV star
• Heavy metal rules. I. Exoplanet incidence and metallicity
• The HARPS search for southern extrasolar planets. XXV. Four new planets in orbit around the moderatly active dwarfs HD 63765, HD 104067, HD 125595, and HIP 70849
• The GJ 504 system revisited. Combining interferometric, radial velocity, and high contrast imaging data
• Direct Imaging and Astrometric Detection of a Gas Giant Planet Orbiting an Accelerating Star
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XVII. New and updated long period and massive planets
• Improved Dynamical Masses for Six Brown Dwarf Companions Using Hipparcos and Gaia EDR3
• Gaia's potential for the discovery of circumbinary planets
• HATS-70b: A 13 Mjup brown dwarf transiting an A star
• The BEBOP radial-velocity survey for circumbinary planets I. Eight years of CORALIE observations of 47 single-line eclipsing binaries and abundance constraints on the masses of circumbinary planets
• Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XXVIII. CoRoT-33b, an object in the brown dwarf desert with 2:3 commensurability with its host star
• The properties of discs around planets and brown dwarfs as evidence for disc fragmentation
• Direct Imaging Discovery and Dynamical Mass of a Substellar Companion Orbiting an Accelerating Hyades Sun-like Star with SCExAO/CHARIS
• Astrometric orbit of a low-mass companion to an ultracool dwarf
• The detection and characterisation of 54 massive companions with the SOPHIE spectrograph -- 7 new brown dwarfs and constraints on the BD desert
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates. VIII. KOI-205 b: a brown-dwarf companion to a K-type dwarf
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. IV. Massive companions in the planet-brown dwarf boundary
• Spitzer and z' Secondary Eclipse Observations of the Highly Irradiated Transiting Brown Dwarf KELT-1b
• EPIC201702477b: A Long Period Transiting Brown Dwarf from K2
• The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. III. The frequency of brown dwarfs and giant planets as companions to solar-type stars
• The TRENDS High-Contrast Imaging Survey. VI. Discovery of a Mass, Age, and Metallicity Benchmark Brown Dwarf
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets IX. Populating the brown dwarf desert
• MOA-2007-BLG-197: Exploring the brown dwarf desert
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Dynamical Mass of the Exoplanet beta Pictoris b from Combined Direct Imaging and Astrometry
• Connecting substellar and stellar formation. The role of the host star's metallicity
• Populating the brown dwarf and stellar boundary: Five stars with transiting companions near the hydrogen-burning mass limit
• WASP-128b: a transiting brown dwarf in the dynamical-tide regime
• MOA-2010-BLG-073L: An M-Dwarf with a Substellar Companion at the Planet/Brown Dwarf Boundary
• A significant mutual inclination between the planets within the $\pi$ Mensae system
• Multiplicity among solar-type stars IV. The CORAVEL radial velocities and the spectroscopic orbits of nearby K dwarfs
• True masses of the long-period companions to HD 92987 and HD 221420 from Hipparcos-Gaia astrometry
• TOI-503: The first known brown dwarf-Am star binary from the TESS mission
• Planet Formation: An Optimized Population-Synthesis Approach
• Extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs around AF-type stars. X.The SOPHIE northern sample. Combining the SOPHIE and HARPS surveys to compute the close giant planet mass-period distribution around AF-type stars
• OGLE-2015-BLG-1482L: the first isolated low-mass microlens in the Galactic bulge
• Determining the true mass of radial-velocity exoplanets with Gaia: 9 planet candidates in the brown-dwarf/stellar regime and 27 confirmed planets
• Colour-magnitude diagrams of transiting Exoplanets - II. A larger sample from photometric distances
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. X. Detection and characterization of giant planets by the dozen
• Exploring the Brown Dwarf Desert: New Substellar Companions from the SDSS-III MARVELS Survey
• An eccentric companion at the edge of the brown dwarf desert orbiting the 2.4 Msun giant star HIP67537
• The mass of planet GJ676A b from ground-based astrometry: A planetary system with two mature gas giants suitable for direct imaging
• Eccentricity in planetary systems and the role of binarity: sample definition, initial results, and the system of HD 211847
• Frequency of Planets in Binaries
• Very Low Mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-like Stars From MARVELS IV: A Candidate Brown Dwarf or Low-Mass Stellar Companion to HIP 67526
• Evidence for Reflected Light from the Most Eccentric Exoplanet Known
• Searching for chemical signatures of brown dwarf formation
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XI. Three new companions and an orbit update: Giant planets in the habitable zone
• The Masses of a Sample of Radial-Velocity Exoplanets with Astrometric Measurements
• HD 5388 b is a 69 M_Jup companion instead of a planet
• A new take on the low-mass brown dwarf companions on wide-orbits in Upper-Scorpius
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets VIII. Follow-up of ELODIE candidates: long-period brown-dwarf companions
• No difference in orbital parameters of RV-detected giant planets between 0.1 and 5 au in single vs multi-stellar systems
• Spectral and atmospheric characterisation of a new benchmark brown dwarf HD13724B
• A Search for the Transit of HD 168443b: Improved Orbital Parameters and Photometry
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets: VI. Three new hot Jupiters in multi-planet extrasolar systems
• Radial velocity variations in the young eruptive star EX Lup
• Very Low-Mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-Like Stars from MARVELS I: A Low Mass Ratio Stellar Companion to TYC 4110-01037-1 in a 79-day Orbit
• The APOGEE Spectroscopic Survey of Kepler Planet Hosts: Feasibility, Efficiency, and First Results
• Orbital and spectral analysis of the benchmark brown dwarf HD 4747B
• The dynamical evolution of low-mass hydrogen-burning stars, brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects formed through disc fragmentation
• An updated visual orbit of the directly-imaged exoplanet 51 Eridani b and prospects for a dynamical mass measurement with Gaia
• A dusty benchmark brown dwarf near the ice line of HD 72946
• An eccentric Brown Dwarf eclipsing an M dwarf
• Exterior Companions to Hot Jupiters Orbiting Cool Stars are Coplanar
• The effects of viewing angle on the mass distribution of exoplanets
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XIX. Brown dwarfs and stellar companions unveiled by radial velocity and astrometry
• The MUCHFUSS photometric campaign
• The binary mass ratios of circumbinary planet hosts
• An extreme planetary system around HD219828. One long-period super Jupiter to a hot-neptune host star
• Brown Dwarf Atmospheres as the Potentially Most Detectable and Abundant Sites for Life
• Updated characterization of long-period single companion by combining radial velocity, relative astrometry, and absolute astrometry
• Precise radial velocities of giant stars. XI. Two brown dwarfs in 6:1 mean motion resonance around the K giant star $\nu$ Ophiuchi
• Exploring the Brown Dwarf Desert with Precision Radial Velocities and Gaia DR3 Astrometric Orbits
• Very Low Mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-Like Stars From MARVELS V: A Low Eccentricity Brown Dwarf from the Driest Part of the Desert, MARVELS-6b
• Precise dynamical masses of new directly imaged companions from combining relative astrometry, radial velocities, and Hipparcos-Gaia eDR3 accelerations
• Parallax of the L4.5 dwarf 2M1821$+$14 from high-precision astrometry with OSIRIS at GTC
• Four Jovian planets around low-luminosity giant stars observed by the EXPRESS and PPPS
• Benchmark cool companions: Ages and abundances for the PZ Tel system
• Chemical abundances of stars with brown-dwarf companions
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets - XII. Three giant planets suitable for astrometric mass determination with Gaia
• A HARPS radial velocity search for planets in the Scorpius-Centaurus association. And its combination with the HARPS and SOPHIE young nearby stars (YNS) surveys
• Can brown dwarfs survive on close orbits around convective stars?
• Gaia predicted brown dwarf detection rates around FGK stars in astrometry, radial velocity, and photometric transits
• The ESPRI project: astrometric exoplanet search with PRIMA I. Instrument description and performance of first light observations
• DE0823$-$49 is a juvenile binary brown dwarf at 20.7 pc
• Very Low-mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-like Stars from Marvels III: A Short-Period Brown Dwarf Candidate Around An Active G0Iv Subgiant
• The long-term dynamical evolution of disc-fragmented multiple systems in the Solar Neighborhood
• Imaging survey of subsystems in secondary components to nearby southern dwarfs
• Multi techniques approach to identify and/or constrain radial velocity sub-stellar companions
• Enabling science with Gaia observations of naked-eye stars
• A long-period massive planet around HD106515A
• The Possible Astrometric Signature of a Planetary-mass Companion to the Nearby Young Star TW Piscis Austrini (Fomalhaut B): Constraints from Astrometry, Radial Velocities, and Direct Imaging
• Confirming new white dwarf-ultracool dwarf binary candidates
• Astrometric mass ratios for three spectroscopic binaries
• A low-mass companion desert among intermediate-mass visual binaries: The scaled-up counterpart to the brown dwarf desert
• Interactions between brown-dwarf binaries and Sun-like stars
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XLVII. Five Jupiter-mass planets in long-period orbits, one highly irradiated Neptune, one brown dwarf, and five stellar binaries
• Assessing the spin-orbit obliquity of low-mass planets in the breaking the chain formation model: A story of misalignment
• HD 28185 Revisited: An Outer Planet, Instead of a Brown Dwarf, On a Saturn-like Orbit
• Planet Occurrence: Doppler and Transit Surveys
• Precision measurement of a brown dwarf mass in a binary system in the microlensing event OGLE-2019-BLG-0033/MOA-2019-BLG-035
• The formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Detection of a low-mass stellar companion to the accelerating A2IV star HR 1645
• Prospects for detecting the astrometric signature of Barnard's Star b
• Machine learning-based identification of Gaia astrometric exoplanet orbits
• Definition of Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
• Characterization of low-mass companions to $\text{Kepler}$ objects of interest observed with APOGEE-N
• SCExAO/CHARIS and Gaia Direct Imaging and Astrometric Discovery of a Superjovian Planet 3--4 lambda/D from the Accelerating Star HIP 54515
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• Search for Exoplanets around Northern Circumpolar Stars- II. The Detection of Radial Velocity Variations in M Giant Stars HD 36384, HD 52030, and HD 208742
• The Detectability of Binary Star Planetary and Brown Dwarf Companions From Eclipse Timing Variations
• Precise Masses and Orbits for Nine Radial Velocity Exoplanets
• True Masses using RV data with Hipparcos and Gaia Astrometry
• The formation of planets by disc fragmentation
• htof: A new open-source tool for analyzing Hipparcos, Gaia, and future astrometric missions
• Separated Fringe Packet Observations with the CHARA Array III. The Very High Eccentricity Binary HR 7345
• Discovery of a young low-mass brown dwarf transiting a fast-rotating F-type star by the Galactic Plane eXoplanet (GPX) survey