Investigating the early evolution of planetary systems with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array

Abstract

We investigate the potential of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the Next Generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) to observe substructures in nearby young disks which are due to the gravitational interaction between disk material and planets close to the central star. We simulate the gas and dust dynamics in the disk using the LA-COMPASS hydrodynamical code. We generate synthetic images for the dust continuum emission at sub-millimeter to centimeter wavelengths and simulate ALMA and ngVLA observations. We explore the parameter space of some of the main disk and planet properties that would produce substructures that can be visible with ALMA and the ngVLA. We find that ngVLA observations with an angular resolution of 5 milliarcsec at 3 mm can reveal and characterize gaps and azimuthal asymmetries in disks hosting planets with masses down to $\approx 5M_{\oplus }$ $\approx 1-5$ au from a Solar-like star in the closest star forming regions, whereas ALMA can detect gaps down to planetary masses of $\approx 20M_{\oplus }$ at 5 au. Gaps opened by super-Earth planets with masses $\approx 5-10M_{\oplus }$ are detectable by the ngVLA in the case of disks with low viscosity ($\alpha \sim 10^{-5}$) and low pressure scale height ($h\approx 0.025$ au at 5 au). The ngVLA can measure the proper motion of azimuthal asymmetric structures associated with the disk-planet interaction, as well as possible circumplanetary disks on timescales as short as one to a few weeks for planets at $1-5$ au from the star.

14 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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Cited by in corpus (32)

• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• Submillimeter emission associated with candidate protoplanets
• Dust growth and evolution in protoplanetary disks
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• Rings and gaps in the disc around Elias 24 revealed by ALMA
• New constraints on turbulence and embedded planet mass in the HD 163296 disk from planet-disk hydrodynamic simulations
• Gas and multi-species dust dynamics in viscous protoplanetary discs: the importance of the dust back-reaction
• Efficient planet formation by pebble accretion in ALMA rings
• Meridional Circulation of Dust and Gas in the Circumstellar Disk: Delivery of Solids onto the Circumplanetary Region
• ALMA Detection of Dust Trapping around Lagrangian Points in the LkCa 15 Disk
• Meso-scale Instability Triggered by Dust Feedback in Dusty Rings: Origin and Observational Implications
• New constraints on the dust and gas distribution in the LkCa 15 disk from ALMA
• Effect of the exoplanet magnetic field topology on its magnetospheric radio emission
• MHD study of extreme space weather conditions for exoplanets with Earth-like magnetospheres: On habitability conditions and radio-emission
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) V: Possible Annular Substructure in a Circumstellar Disk in the Ced110 IRS4 System
• Planet gap opening across stellar masses
• Gap opening by planets in discs with magnetised winds
• Ring Morphology with Dust Coagulation in Protoplanetary Disks
• Three-Dimensional Dust Stirring by a Giant Planet Embedded in a Protoplanetary Disk
• Distinguishing Magnetized Disc Winds from Turbulent Viscosity through Substructure Morphology in Planet-forming Discs
• Circumstellar dust distribution in systems with two planets in resonance
• A next-generation Very Large Array
• Imaging the Dusty Substructures due to Terrestrial Planets in Planet-forming Disks with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Testing photoevaporation and MHD disk wind models through future high-angular resolution radio observations: the case of TW Hydrae
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{II}$. Time-dependent model
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• Probing Inner-Edge of Dead Zones in Protoplanetary Disks with ALMA and Next Generation Very Large Array
• Exploring the conditions for forming planetesimals by the streaming instability and planetary systems by pebble accretion
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• Witnessing Planetary Systems in the Making with the Next Generation Very Large Array
• The Substructures in Disks undergoing Vertical Shear Instability: II. Observational Predictions for the Dust Continuum