Three-Dimensional Dust Stirring by a Giant Planet Embedded in a Protoplanetary Disk

Abstract

The motion of solid particles embedded in gaseous protoplanetary disks is influenced by turbulent fluctuations. Consequently, the dynamics of moderately to weakly coupled solids can be distinctly different from the dynamics of the gas. Additionally, gravitational perturbations from an embedded planet can further impact the dynamics of solids. In this work, we investigate the combined effects of turbulent fluctuations and planetary dust stirring in a protoplanetary disk on three-dimensional dust morphology and on synthetic ALMA continuum observations. We carry out 3D radiative two-fluid (gas+1-mm-dust) hydrodynamic simulations in which we explicitly model the gravitational perturbation of a Jupiter-mass planet. We derived a new momentum-conserving turbulent diffusion model that introduces a turbulent pressure to the pressureless dust fluid to capture the turbulent transport of dust. The model implicitly captures the effects of orbital oscillations and reproduces the theoretically predicted vertical settling-diffusion equilibrium. We find a Jupiter-mass planet to produce distinct and large-scale three-dimensional flow structures in the mm-size dust, which vary strongly in space. We quantify these effects by locally measuring an effective vertical diffusivity (equivalent alpha) and find azimuthally averaged values in a range ${\delta }_{\mathrm{eff}}\sim 5\cdot 10^{-3}-2\cdot 10^{-2}$ and local peaks at values of up to ${\delta }_{\mathrm{eff}}\sim 3\cdot 10^{-1}$. In synthetic ALMA continuum observations of inclined disks, we find effects of turbulent diffusion to be observable, especially at disk edges, and effects of planetary dust stirring in edge-on observations.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (77)

• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Using FU Orionis Outbursts to Constrain Self-Regulated Protostellar Disk Models
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Particle Stirring in Turbulent Gas Disks: Including Orbital Oscillations
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• Rosseland and Planck Mean Opacities for Protoplanetary Discs
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Linear and nonlinear evolution of the vertical shear instability in accretion discs
• The effect of dust settling on the appearance of protoplanetary disks
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Scattering by Interstellar Dust Grains. II. X-Rays
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• Dust Filtration by Planet-Induced Gap Edges: Implications for Transitional Disks
• Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks I. Hydrostatic disk structure and inner rim
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• Runaway migration and the formation of hot Jupiters
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Gaps Opened by Single and Multiple Young Planets in Disks
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks II: Spiral Arms Observed in Scattered Light Imaging Can be Induced by Planets
• Accretion of Jupiter-mass Planets in the Limit of Vanishing Viscosity
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• Hydrodynamics of Embedded Planets' First Atmospheres. II. A Rapid Recycling of Atmospheric Gas
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth
• Submillimeter emission associated with candidate protoplanets
• Nonlinear propagation of planet-generated tidal waves
• Observations of edge-on protoplanetary disks with ALMA I. Results from continuum data
• Measuring Turbulence in TW Hya with ALMA: Methods and Limitations
• Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets I: equilibrium discs
• Particle Concentration At Planet Induced Gap Edges and Vortices: I. Inviscid 3-D Hydro Disks
• Empirical Constraints on Turbulence in Protoplanetary Accretion Disks
• Circumplanetary disk or circumplanetary envelope?
• Vertical shear instability in accretion disc models with radiation transport
• A highly settled disk around Oph 163131
• Planet formation signposts: observability of circumplanetary disks via gas kinematics
• Global MHD simulations of stratified and turbulent protoplanetary discs. II. Dust settling
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Turbulence In Protoplanetary Disks: Numerical Models and Observational Constraints
• Modeling Dust Emission of HL Tau Disk Based on Planet-Disk Interactions
• On the Observability of Giant Protoplanets in Circumstellar Disks
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• Gap Opening in 3D: Single Planet Gaps
• Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets II: accreting-discs
• The 3D Flow Field Around an Embedded Planet
• Rings and gaps in the disc around Elias 24 revealed by ALMA
• Characterizing the variable dust permeability of planet-induced gaps
• Midplane sedimentation of large solid bodies in turbulent protoplanetary discs
• Chemistry in Disks VIII: the CS molecule as an analytic tracer of turbulence in disks
• Evidence for a circumplanetary disk around protoplanet PDS 70 b
• Dust-driven viscous ring-instability in protoplanetary disks
• Dust Transport in MRI Turbulent Disks: Ideal and Non-ideal MHD with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Dust settling against hydrodynamic turbulence in protoplanetary discs
• The effect of a planet on the dust distribution in a 3D protoplanetary disk
• Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks II. -- SEDs and Near-Infrared Fluxes
• On the coexistence of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks
• Revised description of dust diffusion and a new instability creating multiple rings in protoplanetary disks
• Testing the Jeans, Toomre and Bonnor-Ebert concepts for planetesimal formation: 3D streaming instability simulations of diffusion regulated formation of planetesimals
• Predicting the observational signature of migrating Neptune-sized planets in low-viscosity disks
• 3D Lagrangian turbulent diffusion of dust grains in a protoplanetary disk: method and first applications
• Meridional Circulation of Dust and Gas in the Circumstellar Disk: Delivery of Solids onto the Circumplanetary Region
• Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks I. -- Parameter Study for ALMA
• A Multi-Fluid Dust Module in Athena++: Algorithms and Numerical Tests
• Investigating the early evolution of planetary systems with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• New constraints on the disk characteristics and companion candidates around T Cha with VLT/SPHERE
• Puffed up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. I. hydrodynamic simulations
• Gas flow around a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disc: the dependence on the planetary mass
• Dust crystallinity in protoplanetary disks: the effect of diffusion/viscosity ratio
• The Gas Temperature of Starless Cores in Perseus
• The Vertical Structure of Planet-induced Gaps in Proto-Planetary Discs
• Observing planet-driven dust spirals with ALMA
• The 3D dust and opacity distribution of protoplanets in multi-fluid global simulations
• Intermittent planet migration and the formation of multiple dust rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Mixing and diffusion in protoplanetary disc chemistry
• On the pressure of collisionless particle fluids. The case of solids settling in disks
• Planet gaps in the dust layer of 3D proto-planetary disks: Observability with ALMA

Cited by in corpus (5)

• Three-dimensional transport of solids in a protoplanetary disk containing a growing giant planet
• Dynamics of small, constant size particles in a protoplanetary disk with an embedded protoplanet
• Searching for planet-driven dust spirals in ALMA visibilities
• How leaky? A large parameter study of leaky dust traps to quantify the transport of pebbles and ice in protoplanetary discs
• How two-dimensional are planet-disc interactions? II. Radiation hydrodynamics and suitable cooling prescriptions