Massive compact dust disk with a gap around CW Tau revealed by ALMA multi-band observations

Abstract

Compact protoplanetary disks with a radius of $\lesssim$ 50 au are common around young low-mass stars. We report high resolution ALMA dust continuum observations toward a compact disk around CW Tau at Band 4 ($\lambda =2.2$ mm), 6 (1.3 mm), 7 (0.89 mm) and 8 (0.75 mm). The SED shows the spectral slope of $2.0\pm 0.24$ between 0.75 and 1.3 mm, while it is $3.7\pm 0.29$ between 2.17 and 3.56 mm. The steep slope between 2.17 and 3.56 mm is consistent with that of optically thin emission from small grains ($\lesssim$ 350 $\mu \mathrm{m}$). We perform parametric fitting of the ALMA data to characterize the dust disk. Interestingly, if the dust-to-gas mass ratio is 0.01, the Toomre's Q parameter reaches $\sim$ 1-3, suggesting that the CW Tau disk might be marginally gravitationally unstable. The total dust mass is estimated as $\sim 250M_{\oplus }$ for the maximum dust size of 140 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ that is inferred from the previous Band 7 polarimetric observation and at least $80M_{\oplus }$ even for larger grain sizes. This result shows that the CW Tau disk is quite massive in spite of its smallness. Furthermore, we clearly identify a gap structure located at $\sim 20$ au, which might be induced by a giant planet. In spite of these interesting characteristics, the CW Tau disk has normal disk luminosity, size and spectral index at ALMA Band 6, which could be a clue to the mass budget problem in Class II disks.

14 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Porous Dust Particles in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• Measuring the Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Lupus with ALMA: Evidence that Disks can be Optically Thick at 3 mm
• (Sub)millimeter Dust Polarization of Protoplanetary Disks from Scattering by Large Millimeter-Sized Irregular Grains
• Probing the Temperature Structure of the Inner Region of a Protoplanetary Disk
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Multiple Rings and Asymmetric Structures in the Disk of SR 21