Pan-Planets: Searching for hot Jupiters around cool dwarfs

Abstract

The Pan-Planets survey observed an area of 42 sq deg. in the galactic disk for about 165 hours. The main scientific goal of the project is the detection of transiting planets around M dwarfs. We establish an efficient procedure for determining the stellar parameters $T_{eff}$ and log$g$ of all sources using a method based on SED fitting, utilizing a three-dimensional dust map and proper motion information. In this way we identify more than 60000 M dwarfs, which is by far the largest sample of low-mass stars observed in a transit survey to date. We present several planet candidates around M dwarfs and hotter stars that are currently being followed up. Using Monte-Carlo simulations we calculate the detection efficiency of the Pan-Planets survey for different stellar and planetary populations. We expect to find $3.0_{-1.6}^{+3.3}$ hot Jupiters around F, G, and K dwarfs with periods lower than 10 days based on the planet occurrence rates derived in previous surveys. For M dwarfs, the percentage of stars with a hot Jupiter is under debate. Theoretical models expect a lower occurrence rate than for larger main sequence stars. However, radial velocity surveys find upper limits of about 1\% due to their small sample, while the Kepler survey finds a occurrence rate that we estimate to be at least $0.17{(}_{-0.04}^{+0.67})$%, making it even higher than the determined fraction from OGLE-III for F, G and K stellar types, $0.14{(}_{-0.076}^{+0.15})\%$. With the large sample size of Pan-Planets, we are able to determine an occurrence rate of $0.11{(}_{-0.02}^{+0.37})$% in case one of our candidates turns out to be a real detection. If, however, none of our candidates turn out to be true planets, we are able to put an upper limit of 0.34% with a 95% confidence on the hot Jupiter occurrence rate of M dwarfs. Therefore we cannot yet confirm the theoretical prediction of a lower occurrence rate for cool stars.

15 pages, 29 figures, accepted to A&A

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Cited by in corpus (28)

• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- Planet occurrence rates from a subsample of 71 stars
• An ALMA Survey of CO isotopologue emission from Protoplanetary Disks in Chamaeleon I
• Pan-STARRS Pixel Analysis : Source Detection and Characterization
• The occurrence rate of giant planets orbiting low-mass stars with TESS
• K2 Discovers a Busy Bee: An Unusual Transiting Neptune Found in the Beehive Cluster
• Properties and occurrence rates of $Kepler$ exoplanet candidates as a function of host star metallicity from the DR25 catalog
• RV-detected planets around M dwarfs: Challenges for core accretion models
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs - HD 147379b: A nearby Neptune in the temperate zone of an early-M dwarf
• HATS-74Ab, HATS-75b, HATS-76b and HATS-77b: Four Transiting Giant Planets around K and M Dwarfs
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• Modeling the high-resolution emission spectra of clear and cloudy non-transiting hot Jupiters
• Bioverse: The Habitable Zone Inner Edge Discontinuity as an Imprint of Runaway Greenhouse Climates on Exoplanet Demographics
• Stellar impact on disequilibrium chemistry and on observed spectra of hot Jupiter atmospheres
• Exoplanet Populations and their Dependence on Host Star Properties
• The occurrence rate of exoplanets orbiting ultracool dwarfs as probed by K2
• Life on Exoplanets In the Habitable Zone of M-Dwarfs?
• Exoplanets in the Antarctic sky. II. 116 Transiting Exoplanet Candidates Found by AST3-II (CHESPA) within the Southern CVZ of TESS
• How Complete Are Surveys for Nearby Transiting Hot Jupiters?
• EDEN Survey: Small Transiting Planet Detection Limits and Constraints on the Occurrence Rates for Late M Dwarfs within 15 pc
• Exoplanets in the Antarctic Sky. I. The First Data Release of AST3-II (CHESPA) and New Found Variables within the Southern CVZ of TESS
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Occurrence rates of Earth-like planets around very low-mass stars
• Following the TraCS of exoplanets with Pan-Planets: Wendelstein-1b and Wendelstein-2b
• Formation of super-Earths in icy dead zones around low-mass stars
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• TOI-3757 b: A low density gas giant orbiting a solar-metallicity M dwarf