A 1.3 mm SMA Survey of 29 Variable Young Stellar Objects

Abstract

Young stellar objects (YSOs) may undergo periods of active accretion (outbursts), during which the protostellar accretion rate is temporarily enhanced by a few orders of magnitude. Whether or not these accretion outburst YSOs possess similar dust/gas reservoirs to each other, and whether or not their dust/gas reservoirs are similar as quiescent YSOs, are issues not yet clarified. The aim of this work is to characterize the millimeter thermal dust emission properties of a statistically significant sample of long and short duration accretion outburst YSOs (i.e., FUors and EXors) and the spectroscopically identified candidates of accretion outbursting YSOs (i.e., FUor-like objects). We have carried out extensive Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations mostly at $\sim$225 GHz (1.33 mm) and $\sim$272 GHz (1.10 mm), from 2008 to 2017. We covered accretion outburst YSOs located at $<$1 kpc distances from the solar system. We analyze all the existing SMA data of such objects, both published and unpublished, in a coherent way to present a millimeter interferometric database of 29 objects. We obtained 21 detections at $>$3-$\sigma$ significance. Detected sources except for the two cases of V883 Ori and NGC 2071 MM3 were observed with $\sim$1$"$ angular resolution. Overall our observed targets show a systematically higher millimeter luminosity distribution than those of the $M_{\ast }>$0.3 $M_{\odot }$ Class II YSOs in the nearby ($\lesssim$400 pc) low-mass star-forming molecular clouds (e.g., Taurus, Lupus, Upp Scorpio, and Chameleon I). In addition, at 1 mm our observed confirmed binaries or triple-system sources are systematically fainter than the rest of the sources even though their 1 mm fluxes are broadly distributed. We may have detected $\sim$30-60\% millimeter flux variability from V2494 Cyg and V2495 Cyg, from the observations separated by $\sim$1 year.

23 pages, 17 figures, accepted to A&A

References in corpus (31)

• Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• Variable protostellar accretion with episodic bursts
• The Hot Inner Disk of FU Ori
• Visual Binaries in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• Circumstellar disks around Herbig Be stars
• Spitzer-IRS Observations of FU Orionis Objects
• On the reliability of protostellar disc mass measurements and the existence of fragmenting discs
• Evolution of dust and ice features around FU Orionis objects
• An ALMA Continuum Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Transition from the Infalling Envelope to the Keplerian Disk around L1551 IRS 5
• The Gould Belt Very Large Array Survey IV: The Taurus-Auriga complex
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Detection of sub-mm variability in a Class I protostar EC 53 in Serpens Main
• Encounter-driven accretion in young stellar clusters - A connection to FUors?
• The effect of radiative feedback on disc fragmentation
• V1647 Orionis: One Year into Quiescence
• Multi-wavelength study of the low-luminosity outbursting young star HBC 722
• The ALMA Early Science View of FUor/EXor objects. II. The Very Wide Outflow Driven by HBC 494
• The Launch Region of the SVS 13 Outflow and Jet
• 1000 AU Exterior Arcs Connected to the Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tau
• Mass transport from the envelope to the disk of V346 Nor: a case study for the luminosity problem in an FUor-type young eruptive star
• Deeply embedded objects and shocked molecular hydrogen: The environment of the FU Orionis stars RNO 1B/1C
• The inner environment of Z~CMa: High-Contrast Imaging Polarimetry with NaCo
• Sub-0.1" optical imaging of the Z CMa jets with SPHERE/ZIMPOL
• An Outbursting Protostar of the FU~Orionis type in the Cygnus OB7 Molecular Cloud
• Interferometric view of the circumstellar envelopes of northern FU Orionis-type stars
• Rotationally-Driven Fragmentation for the Formation of the Binary Protostellar System L1551 IRS 5
• Gravitational instabilities in a protosolar-like disc II: continuum emission and mass estimates
• The 2008 outburst in the Young Stellar System Z CMa. III - Multi-epoch high-angular resolution images and spectra of the components in near-infrared
• The Mid-Infrared Evolution of the FU Orionis Disk

Cited by in corpus (27)

• The anomalously low (sub)millimeter spectral indices of some protoplanetary disks may be explained by dust self-scattering
• HL Tau disk in HCO+ (3-2) and (1-0) with ALMA: gas density, temperature, gap, and one-arm spiral
• Misaligned disks induced by infall
• Chronology of Episodic Accretion in Protostars -- an ALMA survey of the CO and H${}_2$O snowlines
• Near-Infrared High-Resolution Imaging Polarimetry of FU Ori-Type Objects: Towards A Unified Scheme for Low-Mass Protostellar Evolution
• Chemical Signatures of the FU Ori Outbursts
• On the Effects of Self-Obscuration in the (Sub-)Millimeter Spectral Indices and Appearance of Protostellar Disks
• Gemini-LIGHTS: Herbig Ae/Be and massive T-Tauri protoplanetary disks imaged with Gemini Planet Imager
• Massive compact disks around FU Orionis-type young eruptive stars revealed by ALMA
• Millimeter-sized Dust Grains Appear Surviving the Water-sublimating Temperature in the Inner 10 au of the FU Ori Disk
• Diagnosing 0.1-10 au scale morphology of the FU\,Ori disk using ALMA and VLTI/GRAVITY
• Resolved ALMA continuum image of the circumbinary ring and circumstellar disks in the L1551 IRS 5 system
• CMZoom II: Catalog of Compact Submillimeter Dust Continuum Sources in the Milky Way's Central Molecular Zone
• The disk of FU Orionis viewed with MATISSE/VLTI: first interferometric observations in $L$ and $M$ bands
• ALMA Observations of Young Eruptive Stars: continuum disk sizes and molecular outflows
• Multi-epoch SMA observations of the L1448C(N) protostellar SiO jet
• An ALMA Study of the FU-Ori Type Object V900 Mon: Implications for the Progenitor
• Identifying Variability in Deeply Embedded Protostars with ALMA and CARMA
• The circumstellar environment of EX Lup: the SPHERE and SINFONI views
• Extreme fragmentation and complex kinematics at the center of the L1287 cloud
• A systematic survey of millimetre-wavelength flaring variability of Young Stellar Objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• A Study of Millimeter Variability in FUor Objects
• The Effelsberg survey of FU Orionis and EX Lupi objects I. -- Host environments of FUors/EXors traced by NH${}_3$
• Late encounter-events as a source of disks and spiral structures -- Forming second generation disks
• Molecular inventory of a young eruptive star's environment -- Case study of the classical FU Orionis star V1057 Cyg
• A study of the photometric and spectroscopic variations of the prototypical FU Orionis-type star V1057 Cyg
• The Effelsberg survey of FU~Orionis and EX~Lupi objects II. -- H${}_2$O maser observations