Massive compact disks around FU Orionis-type young eruptive stars revealed by ALMA

Abstract

FU Orionis-type objects (FUors) are low-mass pre-main sequence stars undergoing a temporary, but significant increase of mass accretion rate from the circumstellar disk onto the protostar. It is not yet clear what triggers the accretion bursts and whether the disks of FUors are in any way different from disks of non-bursting young stellar objects. Motivated by this, we conducted a 1.3 mm continuum survey of ten FUors and FUor-like objects with ALMA, using both the 7 m array and the 12 m array in two different configurations to recover emission at the widest possible range of spatial scales. We detected all targeted sources and several nearby objects as well. To constrain the disk structure, we fit the data with models of increasing complexity from 2D Gaussian to radiative transfer, enabling comparison with other samples modeled in a similar way. The radiative transfer modeling gives disk masses that are significantly larger than what is obtained from the measured millimeter fluxes assuming optically thin emission, suggesting that the FUor disks are optically thick at this wavelength. In comparison with samples of regular Class II and Class I objects, the disks of FUors are typically a factor of 2.9-4.4 more massive and a factor of 1.5-4.7 smaller in size. A significant fraction of them (65-70%) may be gravitationally unstable.

arXiv comment34 pages, 8 tables, 29 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

References in corpus (93)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Estimating distances from parallaxes IV: Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia Data Release 2
• Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. II. Fitting observed SEDs using a large grid of pre-computed models
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• Gravitational Instabilities in Circumstellar Disks
• On the Submillimeter Opacity of Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus II: Extension to Fainter Sources
• The Burst Mode of Protostellar Accretion
• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks. I. Disk shape, dust settling, opacities, and PAHs
• Episodic accretion in magnetically layered protoplanetary discs
• An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in the $\sigma$ Orionis Cluster
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• The burst mode of accretion and disk fragmentation in the early embedded stages of star formation
• The Origin of Episodic Accretion Bursts in the Early Stages of Star Formation
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• Disk-mediated accretion burst in a high-mass young stellar object
• Variable protostellar accretion with episodic bursts
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Resolving the Luminosity Problem in Low-Mass Star Formation
• 2-D simulations of FU Orionis disk outbursts
• A Near-IR Spectroscopic Survey of FU Orionis Objects
• GALARIO: a GPU Accelerated Library for Analysing Radio Interferometer Observations
• Massive planets in FU Orionis discs: implications for thermal instability models
• The anomalously low (sub)millimeter spectral indices of some protoplanetary disks may be explained by dust self-scattering
• Accretion Outbursts in Self-gravitating Protoplanetary Disks
• The Luminosities of Protostars in the Spitzer c2d and Gould Belt Legacy Clouds
• Observational constraints on dust disk sizes in tidally truncated protoplanetary disks in multiple systems in the Taurus region
• Episodic accretion: the interplay of infall and disc instabilities
• Resolving the fragmentation of high line-mass filaments with ALMA: the integral shaped filament in Orion A
• The Gravo-Magneto Limit Cycle in Accretion Disks
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. VI. Characterizing the Formation Mechanism for Close Multiple Systems
• Resolving the Planetesimal Belt of HR 8799 with ALMA
• Gravitational Instabilities, Chondrule Formation, and the FU Orionis Phenomenon
• Hierarchical Fragmentation of the Orion Molecular Filaments
• On the reliability of protostellar disc mass measurements and the existence of fragmenting discs
• Spitzer-IRS Observations of FU Orionis Objects
• Evolution of dust and ice features around FU Orionis objects
• Gaia 17bpi: An FU Ori Type Outburst
• The ALMA early science view of FUor/EXor objects - V: continuum disc masses and sizes
• FU Orionis: A Binary Star?
• Transition from the Infalling Envelope to the Keplerian Disk around L1551 IRS 5
• Disk Masses for Embedded Class I Protostars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• The outburst of the eruptive young star OO Serpentis between 1995 and 2006
• A Comprehensive Study of the L1551 IRS 5 Binary System
• Determining the recurrence timescale of long-lasting YSO outbursts
• Resolving the FU Ori System with ALMA: Interacting Twin Disks?
• Constraining the Rate of Protostellar Accretion Outbursts in the Orion Molecular Clouds
• Chemical Signatures of the FU Ori Outbursts
• Near-Infrared High-Resolution Imaging Polarimetry of FU Ori-Type Objects: Towards A Unified Scheme for Low-Mass Protostellar Evolution
• An initial overview of the extent and structure of recent star formation within the Serpens Molecular Cloud using Gaia Data Release 2
• WL 17: A Young Embedded Transition Disk
• Eruptive Variable Stars and Outflows in Serpens NW
• The stellar content of OMC 2/3
• Gaia 18dvy: a new FUor in the Cygnus OB3 association
• Herschel/PACS Imaging of Protostars in the HH 1-2 Outflow Complex
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Detection of sub-mm variability in a Class I protostar EC 53 in Serpens Main
• Multi-wavelength study of the low-luminosity outbursting young star HBC 722
• Gaia 19ajj: A Young Star Brightening Due to Enhanced Accretion + Reduced Extinction
• The ALMA Early Science view of FUor/EXor objects. I. Through the looking-glass of V2775 Ori
• Dynamical Gaseous Rings in Global Simulations of Protoplanetary Disk Formation
• The ALMA Early Science View of FUor/EXor objects. II. The Very Wide Outflow Driven by HBC 494
• A 1.3 mm SMA Survey of 29 Variable Young Stellar Objects
• Atmospheric Phase Correction using CARMA-PACS: High Angular Resolution Observations of the FU-Orionis star PP 13S*
• Gaia DR2 distances to Collinder 419 and NGC 2264 and new astrometric orbits for HD 193 322 Aa,Ab and 15 Mon Aa,Ab
• V899 Mon: An Outbursting Protostar With Peculiar Light Curve And Its Transition Phases
• The temporal requirements of directly observing self-gravitating spiral waves in protoplanetary discs with ALMA
• The Early ALMA View of the FU Ori Outburst System
• Submillimeter Array Observations of L1551 IRS 5 in CS (J=7-6)
• Multiple Bipolar Molecular Outflows in the L1551 IRS5 Protostellar System
• Physics of Outflows: the Binary Protostar L1551 IRS5 and its Jets
• Resolved ALMA continuum image of the circumbinary ring and circumstellar disks in the L1551 IRS 5 system
• V346 Nor: the post-outburst life of a peculiar young eruptive star
• Mass transport from the envelope to the disk of V346 Nor: a case study for the luminosity problem in an FUor-type young eruptive star
• V346 Normae: First post-outburst observations of an FU Orionis star
• Brightness variations of the FUor-type eruptive star V346 Nor
• The progenitor of the FUor-type young eruptive star 2MASS J06593158-0405277
• 1.3 mm ALMA Observations of the Fomalhaut Debris System
• Disentangling protostellar evolutionary stages in clustered environments using Spitzer-IRS spectra and comprehensive SED modeling
• High-resolution polarimetry of Parsamian 21: revealing the structure of an edge-on FU Ori disc
• Light curves of the latest FUor: Indication of a close binary
• Rotationally-Driven Fragmentation for the Formation of the Binary Protostellar System L1551 IRS 5
• The effect of external environment on the evolution of protostellar disks
• HST and spectroscopic observations of the L1551 IRS5 jets (HH154)
• Constraining the Disk Masses of the Class I Binary Protostar GV Tau
• Revealing dust segregation in protoplanetary discs with the help of multi-frequency spectral index maps
• The effect of luminosity outbursts on the protoplanetary disk dynamics
• Cold CO gas in the envelopes of FU Orionis-type young eruptive stars
• Outbursting Young Stellar Object PGIR 20dci in the Perseus Arm
• An ALMA Study of the FU-Ori Type Object V900 Mon: Implications for the Progenitor
• Investigating 2MASS J06593158-0405277: a FUor burst in a triple system?
• Grain growth in newly discovered young eruptive stars
• Episodic High Velocity Outflows from V899 Mon: A Constraint On The Outflow Mechanisms

Cited by in corpus (21)

• The Mass Accretion Rate and Stellar Properties in Class I Protostars
• Diagnosing FUor-like Sources: The Parameter Space of Viscously Heated Disks in the Optical and Near-IR
• On the rise times in FU Orionis events
• Sustained FU Orionis-type outbursts from colliding discs in stellar flybys
• 300: An ACA 870 $\mu$m Continuum Survey of Orion Protostars and their Evolution
• Extreme evaporation of planets in hot thermally unstable protoplanetary discs: the case of FU Ori
• The disk of FU Orionis viewed with MATISSE/VLTI: first interferometric observations in $L$ and $M$ bands
• Modeling the Multiwavelength Evolution of the V960 Mon System
• Spirals and clumps in V960 Mon: signs of planet formation via gravitational instability around an FU Ori star?
• Thermal processing of primordial pebbles in evolving protoplanetary disks
• V899 Mon: a peculiar eruptive young star close to the end of its outburst
• Solving for the 2D Water Snowline with Hydrodynamic Simulations. Emergence of gas outflow, water cycle and temperature plateau
• On the incidence of episodic accretion in Class I YSOs from VVV
• Multi-wavelength detection of an ongoing FUOr-type outburst on a low-mass YSO
• Young stellar objects, accretion disks, and their variability with Rubin Observatory LSST
• An APEX study of molecular outflows in FUor-type stars
• Star formation and accretion rates within 500 pc as traced by Gaia DR3 XP spectra
• Primordial dust rings, hidden dust mass, and the first generation of planetesimals in gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disks
• The Effelsberg survey of FU Orionis and EX Lupi objects I. -- Host environments of FUors/EXors traced by NH${}_3$
• The hot corino-like chemistry of four FUor-like protostars
• Semi-analytic calculations for extended mid-Infrared emission associated with FU Ori-type objects