Massive compact disks around FU Orionis-type young eruptive stars revealed by ALMA

Abstract

FU Orionis-type objects (FUors) are low-mass pre-main sequence stars undergoing a temporary, but significant increase of mass accretion rate from the circumstellar disk onto the protostar. It is not yet clear what triggers the accretion bursts and whether the disks of FUors are in any way different from disks of non-bursting young stellar objects. Motivated by this, we conducted a 1.3 mm continuum survey of ten FUors and FUor-like objects with ALMA, using both the 7 m array and the 12 m array in two different configurations to recover emission at the widest possible range of spatial scales. We detected all targeted sources and several nearby objects as well. To constrain the disk structure, we fit the data with models of increasing complexity from 2D Gaussian to radiative transfer, enabling comparison with other samples modeled in a similar way. The radiative transfer modeling gives disk masses that are significantly larger than what is obtained from the measured millimeter fluxes assuming optically thin emission, suggesting that the FUor disks are optically thick at this wavelength. In comparison with samples of regular Class II and Class I objects, the disks of FUors are typically a factor of 2.9-4.4 more massive and a factor of 1.5-4.7 smaller in size. A significant fraction of them (65-70%) may be gravitationally unstable.

34 pages, 8 tables, 29 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

References in corpus (42)

• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• The Burst Mode of Protostellar Accretion
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• Variable protostellar accretion with episodic bursts
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• The anomalously low (sub)millimeter spectral indices of some protoplanetary disks may be explained by dust self-scattering
• Accretion Outbursts in Self-gravitating Protoplanetary Disks
• Episodic accretion: the interplay of infall and disc instabilities
• Gravitational Instabilities, Chondrule Formation, and the FU Orionis Phenomenon
• On the reliability of protostellar disc mass measurements and the existence of fragmenting discs
• Spitzer-IRS Observations of FU Orionis Objects
• Evolution of dust and ice features around FU Orionis objects
• Gaia 17bpi: An FU Ori Type Outburst
• The ALMA early science view of FUor/EXor objects - V: continuum disc masses and sizes
• Transition from the Infalling Envelope to the Keplerian Disk around L1551 IRS 5
• Disk Masses for Embedded Class I Protostars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• The outburst of the eruptive young star OO Serpentis between 1995 and 2006
• Determining the recurrence timescale of long-lasting YSO outbursts
• Resolving the FU Ori System with ALMA: Interacting Twin Disks?
• Constraining the Rate of Protostellar Accretion Outbursts in the Orion Molecular Clouds
• An initial overview of the extent and structure of recent star formation within the Serpens Molecular Cloud using Gaia Data Release 2
• Gaia 18dvy: a new FUor in the Cygnus OB3 association
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Detection of sub-mm variability in a Class I protostar EC 53 in Serpens Main
• Multi-wavelength study of the low-luminosity outbursting young star HBC 722
• Gaia 19ajj: A Young Star Brightening Due to Enhanced Accretion + Reduced Extinction
• The ALMA Early Science View of FUor/EXor objects. II. The Very Wide Outflow Driven by HBC 494
• The temporal requirements of directly observing self-gravitating spiral waves in protoplanetary discs with ALMA
• V346 Nor: the post-outburst life of a peculiar young eruptive star
• Mass transport from the envelope to the disk of V346 Nor: a case study for the luminosity problem in an FUor-type young eruptive star
• V346 Normae: First post-outburst observations of an FU Orionis star
• The progenitor of the FUor-type young eruptive star 2MASS J06593158-0405277
• Brightness variations of the FUor-type eruptive star V346 Nor
• High-resolution polarimetry of Parsamian 21: revealing the structure of an edge-on FU Ori disc
• Rotationally-Driven Fragmentation for the Formation of the Binary Protostellar System L1551 IRS 5
• The effect of external environment on the evolution of protostellar disks
• Revealing dust segregation in protoplanetary discs with the help of multi-frequency spectral index maps
• Constraining the Disk Masses of the Class I Binary Protostar GV Tau
• Cold CO gas in the envelopes of FU Orionis-type young eruptive stars
• Outbursting Young Stellar Object PGIR 20dci in the Perseus Arm
• Investigating 2MASS J06593158-0405277: a FUor burst in a triple system?
• Grain growth in newly discovered young eruptive stars

Cited by in corpus (21)

• The Mass Accretion Rate and Stellar Properties in Class I Protostars
• Diagnosing FUor-like Sources: The Parameter Space of Viscously Heated Disks in the Optical and Near-IR
• On the rise times in FU Orionis events
• Sustained FU Orionis-type outbursts from colliding discs in stellar flybys
• 300: An ACA 870 $\mu$m Continuum Survey of Orion Protostars and their Evolution
• Extreme evaporation of planets in hot thermally unstable protoplanetary discs: the case of FU Ori
• The disk of FU Orionis viewed with MATISSE/VLTI: first interferometric observations in $L$ and $M$ bands
• Modeling the Multiwavelength Evolution of the V960 Mon System
• Spirals and clumps in V960 Mon: signs of planet formation via gravitational instability around an FU Ori star?
• Thermal processing of primordial pebbles in evolving protoplanetary disks
• V899 Mon: a peculiar eruptive young star close to the end of its outburst
• Solving for the 2D Water Snowline with Hydrodynamic Simulations. Emergence of gas outflow, water cycle and temperature plateau
• On the incidence of episodic accretion in Class I YSOs from VVV
• Multi-wavelength detection of an ongoing FUOr-type outburst on a low-mass YSO
• Young stellar objects, accretion disks, and their variability with Rubin Observatory LSST
• An APEX study of molecular outflows in FUor-type stars
• Star formation and accretion rates within 500 pc as traced by Gaia DR3 XP spectra
• Primordial dust rings, hidden dust mass, and the first generation of planetesimals in gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disks
• The Effelsberg survey of FU Orionis and EX Lupi objects I. -- Host environments of FUors/EXors traced by NH${}_3$
• The hot corino-like chemistry of four FUor-like protostars
• Semi-analytic calculations for extended mid-Infrared emission associated with FU Ori-type objects