CO emission tracing a warp or radial flow within $\lesssim$ 100 au in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk

Abstract

We present spatially resolved ALMA images of CO J=3-2 emission from the protoplanetary disk around HD100546. We model the spatially-resolved kinematic structure of the CO emission. Assuming a velocity profile which prescribes a flat or flared emitting surface in Keplerian rotation, we uncover significant residuals with a peak of $\approx 7\delta v$, where $\delta v=0.21$ km s${}^{-1}$ is the width of a spectral resolution element. The residuals reveal the possible presence of a severely warped and twisted inner disk extending to at most 100au. Adapting the model to include a misaligned inner gas disk with (i) an inclination almost edge-on to the line of sight, and (ii) a position angle almost orthogonal to that of the outer disk reduces the residuals to $<3\delta v$. However, these findings are contrasted by recent VLT/SPHERE, MagAO/GPI, and VLTI/PIONIER observations of HD100546 that show no evidence of a severely misaligned inner dust disk down to spatial scales of $\sim 1$au. An alternative explanation for the observed kinematics are fast radial flows mediated by (proto)planets. Inclusion of a radial velocity component at close to free-fall speeds and inwards of $\approx 50$au results in residuals of $\approx 4\delta v$. Hence, the model including a radial velocity component only does not reproduce the data as well as that including a twisted and misaligned inner gas disk. Molecular emission data at a higher spatial resolution (of order 10au) are required to further constrain the kinematics within $\lesssim 100$au. HD100546 joins several other protoplanetary disks for which high spectral resolution molecular emission shows that the gas velocity structure cannot be described by a purely Keplerian velocity profile with a universal inclination and position angle. Regardless of the process, the most likely cause is the presence of an unseen planetary companion. (Abridged)

arXiv comment16 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in A&A (28th September 2017), arXiv version amended to match proofs and DOI/journal reference added

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