Planetary System Formation in Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tauri

Abstract

We re-process the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) long-baseline science verification data taken toward HL Tauri. As shown by the previous work, we confirm that the high spatial resolution (~ 0."019, corresponding to ~ 2.7 AU) dust continuum images at λ= 0.87, 1.3, and 2.9 mm exhibit a multiple ring-like gap structure in the circumstellar disk. Assuming that the observed gaps are opened up by currently forming, unseen bodies, we estimate the mass of such hypothetical bodies based on following two approaches; the Hill radius analysis and a more elaborated approach developed from the angular momentum transfer analysis in gas disks. For the former, the measured gap widths are used for calibrating the mass of the bodies, while for the latter, the measured gap depths are utilized. We show that their masses are likely comparable to or less than the mass of Jovian planets, and then discuss an origin of the observed gap structure. By evaluating Toomre's gravitational instability (GI) condition and cooling effect, we find that the GI might be a possible mechanism to form the bodies in the outer region of the disk. As the disk might be gravitationally unstable only in the outer region of the disk, inward planetary migration would be needed to construct the current architecture of the hypothetical bodies. We estimate the gap-opening mass and show that type II migration might be able to play such a role. Combining GIs with inward migration, we conjecture that all of the observed gaps may be a consequence of bodies that might have originally formed at the outer part of the disk, and have subsequently migrated to the current locations. While ALMA's unprecedented high spatial resolution observations can revolutionize our picture of planet formation, more dedicated observational and theoretical studies are needed in order to fully understand the HL Tau images.

12 pages, 5 figures

References in corpus (7)

• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• Mass Estimates of a Giant Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk from the Gap Structures
• Discovery of a Disk Gap Candidate at 20 AU in TW Hydrae
• Dynamical Stability of Imaged Planetary Systems in Formation: Application to HL Tau
• Planet Traps and Planetary Cores: Origins of the Planet-Metallicity Correlation
• Hunting for planets in the HL Tau disk

Cited by in corpus (32)

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• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). I. Overview of the Program and First Results
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• How much does turbulence change the pebble isolation mass for planet formation?
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• An Origin of Multiple Ring Structure and Hidden Planets in HL Tau: A Unified Picture by Secular Gravitational Instability
• HL Tau disk in HCO+ (3-2) and (1-0) with ALMA: gas density, temperature, gap, and one-arm spiral
• Inferring giant planets from ALMA millimeter continuum and line observations in (transition) disks
• The SEEDS High Contrast Imaging Survey of Exoplanets around Young Stellar Objects
• Gas Gaps in the Protoplanetary Disk around the Young Protostar HL Tau
• 13C17O suggests gravitational instability in the HL Tau disc
• Magnetically Induced Disk Winds and Transport in the HL Tau Disk
• The properties of the inner disk around HL Tau: Multi-wavelength modeling of the dust emission
• Non-linear Development of Secular Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
• Multi-frequency Black Hole Imaging for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope
• Dust continuum emission and the upper limit fluxes of sub-millimeter water lines of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 observed by ALMA
• 1000 AU Exterior Arcs Connected to the Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tau
• The Effect of Protoplanetary Disk Cooling Times on the Formation of Gas Giant Planets by Gravitational Instability
• Pebble accretion in class 0/I YSOs as a possible pathway for early planet formation
• Physical and Chemical Conditions of the Protostellar Envelope and the Protoplanetary Disk in HL Tau
• Planet gap opening across stellar masses
• Magnetic Fields and Accreting Giant Planets around PDS 70
• Signs of outflow feedback from a nearby young stellar object on the protostellar envelope around HL Tau
• On the Origin of Banded Structure in Dusty Protoplanetary Discs: HL Tau and TW Hya
• Connecting HL Tau to the Observed Exoplanet Sample
• Structure of Protoplanetary Discs with Magnetically-driven Winds
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• Applying a Particle-only Model to the HL Tau Disk
• On the dynamics of pebbles in protoplanetary disks with magnetically-driven winds