A comprehensive study of NGC 2023 with XMM-Newton and Spitzer

Abstract

Nearby star-forming regions are ideal laboratories to study high-energy emission of different stellar populations, from very massive stars to brown dwarfs. NGC 2023 is a reflection nebula situated on the south of the Flame Nebula (NGC 2024) and at the edge of the H ii region IC 434, which also contains the Horsehead Nebula (Barnard 33). NGC 2023, NGC 2024, Barnard 33 and the surroundings of the O-type supergiant star ζ Ori constitute the south part of the Orion B molecular complex. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of X-ray emitters in the region of NGC 2023 and its ?surroundings. We combine optical and infrared data to determine physical properties (mass, temperature, luminosity, presence of accretion disks) of the stars detected in an XMM-Newton observation. This study has allowed us to analyze spectral energy distribution of these stars for the first time and determine their evolutionary stage. Properties of the X-ray emitting plasma of these stars are compared to those found in other nearby star-forming regions. The results indicate that the stars that are being formed in this region have characteristics, in terms of physical properties and luminosity function, similar to those found in the Taurus-Auriga molecular complex.

18 pages, 11 figures, 7 tables

References in corpus (9)

• The stellar mass assembly of galaxies from z=0 to z=4. Analysis of a sample selected in the rest-frame near-infrared with Spitzer
• The XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST)
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• TASS Mark IV Photometric Survey of the Northern Sky
• The onset of X-ray emission in young stellar objects: a Chandra observation of the Serpens star-forming region
• Young stars and brown dwarfs surrounding Alnilam (eps Ori) and Mintaka (del Ori)
• An Infrared Census of Star Formation in the Horsehead Nebula
• New deep XMM-Newton observations to the west of the sigma Orionis cluster
• A deep XMM-Newton X-ray observation of the Chamaeleon I dark cloud

Cited by in corpus (6)

• Identification of Young Stellar Object candidates in the $Gaia$ DR2 x AllWISE catalogue with machine learning methods
• C${}_{60}$ in Photodissociation Regions
• Evidence of non-thermal X-ray emission from HH 80
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Single Epoch Transients and Variability of Faint Sources
• X-ray emission from stellar jets by collision against high-density molecular clouds: an application to HH 248
• The NEMESIS Catalogue of Young Stellar Objects for the Orion Star Formation Complex. I. General description of data curation