Mid-$J$ CO Line Observations of Protostellar Outflows in the Orion Molecular Clouds

Abstract

Ten protostellar outflows in the Orion molecular clouds were mapped in the ${}^{12}$CO/${}^{13}$CO $J=6\to 5$ and ${}^{12}$CO $J=7\to 6$ lines. The maps of these mid-$J$ CO lines have an angular resolution of about 10${}^{\prime \prime }$ and a typical field size of about 100${}^{\prime \prime }$. Physical parameters of the molecular outflows were derived, including mass transfer rates, kinetic luminosities, and outflow forces. The outflow sample was expanded by re-analyzing archival data of nearby low-luminosity protostars, to cover a wide range of bolometric luminosities. Outflow parameters derived from other transitions of CO were compared. The mid-$J$ ($J_{\mathrm{up}}\approx 6$) and low-$J$ ($J_{\mathrm{up}}\le 3$) CO line wings trace essentially the same outflow component. By contrast, the high-$J$ (up to $J_{\mathrm{up}}\approx 50$) line-emission luminosity of CO shows little correlation with the kinetic luminosity from the $J=6\to 5$ line, which suggests that they trace distinct components. The low/mid-$J$ CO line wings trace long-term outflow behaviors while the high-$J$ CO lines are sensitive to short-term activities. The correlations between the outflow parameters and protostellar properties are presented, which shows that the strengths of molecular outflows increase with bolometric luminosity and envelope mass.

arXiv comment31 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJS

References in corpus (46)

• The distance to the Orion Nebula
• MAMBO Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores
• The SCUBA Legacy Catalogue: Continuum Objects Detected by SCUBA
• The Evolution of Outflow-Envelope Interactions in Low-Mass Protostars
• Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH): II. Evolution of 557 GHz 110-101 emission in low-mass protostars
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and Fits Using a Grid of Protostellar Models
• A SCUBA survey of Orion, the low-mass end of the core mass function
• Which are the youngest protostars? Determining properties of confirmed and candidate Class0 sources by broad-band photometry
• The COMPLETE Survey of Outflows in Perseus
• Molecular Outflows Driven by Low-Mass Protostars. I. Correcting for Underestimates When Measuring Outflow Masses and Dynamical Properties
• The Gould's Belt Distances Survey (GOBELINS) III. The distance to the Serpens/Aquila Molecular Complex
• Embedded Protostars in the Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time (DIGIT) Key Program: Continuum SEDs, and an Inventory of Characteristic Far-Infrared Lines from PACS Spectroscopy
• A submillimetre survey of the kinematics of the Perseus molecular cloud - II. Molecular outflows
• CARMA observations of protostellar outflows in NGC 1333
• Modelling Herschel observations of hot molecular gas emission from embedded low-mass protostars
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: IV. Mechanical and radiative feedback
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: III. NGC 1333 IRAS 4A/4B envelope, outflow and UV heating
• Herschel/PACS Spectroscopic Survey of Protostars in Orion: The Origin of Far-Infrared CO Emission
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: I. The HH 46 envelope and outflow
• Water in star-forming regions with Herschel: highly excited molecular emission from the NGC 1333 IRAS 4B outflow
• High-J CO survey of low-mass protostars observed with Herschel-HIFI
• High resolution imaging of CO outflows in OMC-2 and OMC-3
• Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Observations of the OMC-2/3 Region. III. An Extensive Survey for Molecular Outflows
• Direct Spectroscopic Identification of the Origin of 'Green Fuzzy' Emission in Star Forming Regions
• Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Observations of the OMC-2/3 Region. II. Observational Evidence for Outflow-Triggered Star Formation in the OMC-2 FIR 3/4 Region
• Outflow forces of low mass embedded objects in Ophiuchus: a quantitative comparison of analysis methods
• Shock Excited H_2 Flows in OMC-2 and OMC-3
• Collisional excitation of far-infrared line emissions from warm interstellar carbon monoxide (CO)
• The stellar content of OMC 2/3
• Dust, Ice and Gas in Time (DIGIT) Herschel program first results: A full PACS-SED scan of the gas line emission in protostar DK Cha
• Herschel/PACS Imaging of Protostars in the HH 1-2 Outflow Complex
• Assessing molecular outflows and turbulence in the protostellar cluster Serpens South
• A Very Compact Extremely High Velocity Flow toward MMS 5 / OMC-3 Revealed with ALMA
• Star Formation Under the Outflow: The Discovery of a Non-Thermal Jet from OMC-2 FIR 3 and its Relationship to the Deeply Embedded FIR 4 Protostar
• Discovery of the Youngest Molecular Outflow associated with an Intermediate-mass protostellar Core, MMS-6/OMC-3
• Molecular CO outflows in the L1641-N cluster: kneading a cloud core
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars I. Identifying and Characterizing the Protostellar Content of the OMC2-FIR4 and OMC2-FIR3 Regions
• Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Observations of the OMC-2/3 region. IV Interaction between the Outflow and the Dense Gas in the Cluster Forming Region of OMC-2 FIR 6
• CO in Protostars (COPS): $Herschel$-SPIRE Spectroscopy of Embedded Protostars
• The Small-Scale Physical Structure and Fragmentation Difference of Two Embedded Intermediate Mass Protostars in Orion
• A Molecular Counterpart to the Herbig-Haro 1-2 Flow
• Outflow forces in intermediate mass star formation
• Herschel/PACS far-IR spectral imaging of a jet from an intermediate mass protostar in the OMC-2 region
• The YSO Population in the Vela-D Molecular Cloud
• A mid-IR survey of the L 1641-N region with ISOCAM
• Warm gas in protostellar outflows. II. EHV jet and outflows from OMC-2/3

Cited by in corpus (4)

• The Evolution of Protostellar Outflow Cavities, Kinematics, and Angular Distribution of Momentum and Energy in Orion A: Evidence for Dynamical Cores
• Chemical Differentiation and Temperature Distribution on a Few au Scale around the Protostellar Source B335
• ALMA Fragmented Source Catalogue in Orion (FraSCO) I. Outflow interaction within an embedded cluster in OMC-2/FIR3, FIR4, and FIR5
• ALMA Band 9 CO(6--5) Reveals a Warm Ring Structure Associated with the Embedded Protostar in the Cold Dense Core MC 27/L1521F