Mid-$J$ CO Line Observations of Protostellar Outflows in the Orion Molecular Clouds

Abstract

Ten protostellar outflows in the Orion molecular clouds were mapped in the ${}^{12}$CO/${}^{13}$CO $J=6\to 5$ and ${}^{12}$CO $J=7\to 6$ lines. The maps of these mid-$J$ CO lines have an angular resolution of about 10${}^{\prime \prime }$ and a typical field size of about 100${}^{\prime \prime }$. Physical parameters of the molecular outflows were derived, including mass transfer rates, kinetic luminosities, and outflow forces. The outflow sample was expanded by re-analyzing archival data of nearby low-luminosity protostars, to cover a wide range of bolometric luminosities. Outflow parameters derived from other transitions of CO were compared. The mid-$J$ ($J_{\mathrm{up}}\approx 6$) and low-$J$ ($J_{\mathrm{up}}\le 3$) CO line wings trace essentially the same outflow component. By contrast, the high-$J$ (up to $J_{\mathrm{up}}\approx 50$) line-emission luminosity of CO shows little correlation with the kinetic luminosity from the $J=6\to 5$ line, which suggests that they trace distinct components. The low/mid-$J$ CO line wings trace long-term outflow behaviors while the high-$J$ CO lines are sensitive to short-term activities. The correlations between the outflow parameters and protostellar properties are presented, which shows that the strengths of molecular outflows increase with bolometric luminosity and envelope mass.

31 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJS

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• The Evolution of Protostellar Outflow Cavities, Kinematics, and Angular Distribution of Momentum and Energy in Orion A: Evidence for Dynamical Cores
• Chemical Differentiation and Temperature Distribution on a Few au Scale around the Protostellar Source B335
• ALMA Fragmented Source Catalogue in Orion (FraSCO) I. Outflow interaction within an embedded cluster in OMC-2/FIR3, FIR4, and FIR5
• ALMA Band 9 CO(6--5) Reveals a Warm Ring Structure Associated with the Embedded Protostar in the Cold Dense Core MC 27/L1521F