TIMES I: a Systematic Observation in Multiple Molecular Lines Toward the Orion A and Ophiuchus Clouds

Abstract

We have used the Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory to observe the Orion A and Ophiuchus clouds in the $J=$1$-$0 lines of ${}^{13}$CO, C${}^{18}$O, HCN, HCO${}^{+}$, and N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ and the $J=$2$-$1 line of CS. The fully sampled maps with uniform noise levels are used to create moment maps. The variations of the line intensity and velocity dispersion with total column density, derived from dust emission maps, are presented and compared to previous work. The CS line traces dust column density over more than one order of magnitude, and the N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ line best traces the highest column density regime ($\log (N_{{\mathrm{H}}_2}$) $>$ 22.8). Line luminosities, integrated over the cloud, are compared to those seen in other galaxies. The HCO${}^{+}$-to-HCN luminosity ratio in the Orion A cloud is similar to that of starburst galaxies, while that in the Ophiuchus cloud is in between those of active galactic nuclei and starburst galaxies.

arXiv comment62 pages, 53 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in ApJS

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• The evolution of HCO${}^{+}$ in molecular clouds using a novel chemical post-processing algorithm
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) III. Fiber networks in Orion
• Does the HCN/CO ratio trace the star-forming fraction of gas? II. Variations in CO and HCN Emissivity
• A Gaia view on the star formation in the Monoceros OB1 and R1 associations