Mapping Interstellar Ice Inventory toward Class 0 Protostars in Star-forming Region Orion A with JWST Data

Abstract

We present a detailed study of the spatial distribution and chemical composition of interstellar ices toward six Class 0 protostars (HOPS-56, HOPS-60, HOPS-73, HOPS-91, HOPS-96, and HOPS-108) in the Orion A molecular cloud. Using high-resolution spectroscopic data from the JWST NIRspec and MIRI MRS instruments (4.3 - 8.1 $\mu$m), we have constructed the first pixel by pixel absorption maps with a resolution of $\sim$100~AU for key ice species, including ${}^{13}$CO${}_2$, OCN${}^{-}$, CO, H${}_2$O, NH${}_4^{+}$, and H${}_2$CO. CH${}_4$ and OCS were analyzed toward the continuum peaks. The column densities were derived by fitting the observed spectra with laboratory ice analogs. We employed radiative transfer modeling, which confirmed the reliability of our column density estimates within the protostellar envelopes. Our analysis reveals significant variations in ice abundances and distributions, reflecting the physical structure and energetic processes within the envelopes. Specifically, we observe the influence of protostellar heating and outflows on the ice mantles, most notably in HOPS-60. The total ice composition is consistent with astrochemical models and covers $\sim$90% of observed ice inventory suggesting that ice is primarily formed during the prestellar stage and subsequently inherited by the protostellar envelope. Based on the abundance relative to water, the sources can be categorized into two distinct groups, possibly indicating evolutionary differences or variations in envelope density and temperature profiles.

37 pages with 25 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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