A Reappraisal of the Solar Photospheric C/O Ratio

Abstract

Accurate determination of photospheric solar abundances requires detailed modeling of the solar granulation and accounting for departures from local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE). We argue that the forbidden C I line at 8727 A is largely immune to departures from LTE, and can be realistically modeled using LTE radiative transfer in a time-dependent three-dimensional simulation of solar surface convection. We analyze the [C I] line in the solar flux spectrum to derive the abundance log epsilon(C)= 8.39 +/- 0.04 dex. Combining this result with our parallel analysis of the [O I] 6300 A line, we find C/O=0.50 +/- 0.07, in agreement with the ratios measured in the solar corona from gamma-ray spectroscopy and solar energetic particles.

5 pages, 2 figures, to appear in ApJL July 10

Cited by in corpus (257)

• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Spectra of z~3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: construction, observational verification and new results
• A Unified Representation of Gas-Phase Element Depletions in the Interstellar Medium
• The Chemical Compositions of Galactic Disk F and G Dwarfs
• Line formation in solar granulation: IV. [O I], OI and OH lines and the photospheric O abundance
• The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision
• Chemical enrichment in cosmological, smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations
• The Extremely Metal-Poor, Neutron-Capture-Rich Star CS 22892-052: A Comprehensive Abundance Analysis
• Abundances of the elements in the solar system
• The Hamburg/ESO R-process Enhanced Star survey (HERES) II. Spectroscopic analysis of the survey sample
• Optimization of Starburst99 for Intermediate-Age and Old Stellar Populations
• The Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium with Adiabatic Feedback I: Metal Cooling and Metal Diffusion
• Helioseismology and Solar Abundances
• Complete results for five years of GNO solar neutrino observations
• L and T Dwarf Models and the L to T Transition
• What do we (not) know theoretically about solar neutrino fluxes?
• Abundances for metal-poor stars with accurate parallaxes I. Basic data
• The Physics of the Intergalactic Medium
• Evolution of interstellar dust and stardust in the solar neighbourhood
• S4N: A Spectroscopic Survey of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• The FIP and Inverse FIP Effects in Solar and Stellar Coronae
• Helioseismological Implications of Recent Solar Abundance Determinations
• Beyond the T Dwarfs: Theoretical Spectra, Colors, and Detectability of the Coolest Brown Dwarfs
• Dusty, Radiation Pressure Dominated Photoionization. I. Model Description, Structure And Grids
• Chemical consequences of the C/O ratio on hot Jupiters: Examples from WASP-12b,CoRoT-2b, XO-1b, and HD 189733b
• s Process in low-mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars
• Constraining solar abundances using helioseismology
• The elemental composition of the Sun II. The iron group elements Sc to Ni
• 10,000 Standard Solar Models: a Monte Carlo Simulation
• Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen evolution in galaxies
• A High-Resolution Survey of Low-Redshift QSO Absorption Lines: Statistics and Physical Conditions of O VI Absorbers
• Solar System Abundances of the Elements
• BPASS predictions for Binary Black-Hole Mergers
• Line formation in solar granulation VI. [C I], C I, CH and C2 lines and the photospheric C abundance
• Determination of the gas-to-dust ratio in nearby dense clouds using X-ray absorption measurements
• Interstellar Carbon in Translucent Sightlines
• Dynamics and Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres, With Application to HD 209458b
• The Low-z Intergalactic Medium. III. HI and Metal Absorbers at z<0.4
• The solar chemical composition
• Abundances in a Large Sample of Stars in M3 and M13
• The Distribution of Metallicity in the IGM at z~2.5: OVI and CIV Absorption in the Spectra of 7 QSOs
• A comparison of chemistry and dust cloud formation in ultracool dwarf model atmospheres
• HE0107-5240, A Chemically Ancient Star.I. A Detailed Abundance Analysis
• On the Cool Side: Modeling the Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets
• The evolution of the C/O ratio in metal-poor halo stars
• Line Intensities and Molecular Opacities of the FeH $F^4{\Delta }_i-X^4{\Delta }_i$ Transition
• 3D Hydrodynamical Simulations of Surface Convection in Red Giant Stars. Impact on spectral line formation and abundance analysis
• Metallicities and Physical Conditions in Star-forming Galaxies at z~1.0-1.5
• Aluminum-, Calcium- And Titanium-Rich Oxide Stardust In Ordinary Chondrite Meteorites
• Solar models and solar neutrino oscillations
• Modelling the Pan-Spectral Energy Distribution of Starburst Galaxies: I. The role of ISM pressure & the Molecular Cloud Dissipation Timescale
• Multi-phase High-Velocity Clouds toward HE 0226-4110 and PG 0953+414
• Rest-Frame Optical Spectra of Three Strongly Lensed Galaxies at z~2
• Evidence for Solar Metallicities in Massive Star-forming Galaxies at z>~2
• Abundances In Very Metal Poor Dwarf Stars
• On the Determination of Ejecta Structure and Explosion Asymmetry from the X-ray Knots of Cassiopeia A
• Heavy elements in Galactic and Magellanic Cloud HII regions: recombination-line versus forbidden-line abundances
• Chemical Abundances of DEEP2 Star-forming Galaxies at 1.0<z<1.5
• On the Dayside Thermal Emission of Hot Jupiters
• Global Seismology of the Sun
• The Chemical Composition of the 30 Doradus Nebula Derived from VLT Echelle Spectrophotometry
• The Origin of Fe II Emission in AGN
• Flares from small to large: X-ray spectroscopy of Proxima Centauri with XMM-Newton
• Spectral Modelling of Star-Forming Regions in the Ultraviolet: Stellar Metallicity Diagnostics for High Redshift Galaxies
• The origin and chemical evolution of carbon in the Galactic thin and thick disks
• New H2 collision-induced absorption and NH3 opacity and the spectra of the coolest brown dwarfs
• Highly Ionized Gas Surrounding High Velocity Cloud Complex C
• Solar Carbon Monoxide, Thermal Profiling, and the Abundances of C, O, and their Isotopes
• What Is The Neon Abundance Of The Sun?
• Abundance Analysis of HE2148-1247, A Star With Extremely Enhanced Neutron Capture Elements
• A grid of chemical evolution models as a tool to interpret spiral and irregular galaxies data
• Quasar Elemental Abundances at High Redshifts
• A deep survey of heavy element lines in planetary nebulae - I. Observations and forbidden-line densities, temperatures and abundances
• The discrepancy between solar abundances and helioseismology
• On the Inference of Thermal Inversions in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Physical Properties and Baryonic Content of Low-Redshift Intergalactic Ly-alpha and O VI Absorption Systems: The PG1116+215 Sight Line
• A deep survey of heavy element lines in planetary nebulae -- II. Recombination line abundances and evidence for ultra-cold plasma
• Solar structure and evolution
• Analysis of the carbon-rich very metal-poor dwarf G77-61
• The Earliest Phases of Star formation observed with Herschel (EPoS): The dust temperature and density distributions of B68
• Where was the Iron Synthesized in Cassiopeia A?
• On the Carbon-to-Oxygen Ratio Measurement in Nearby Sunlike Stars: Implications for Planet Formation and the Determination of Stellar Abundances
• Detection of Ne VIII in the Low-Redshift Warm-Hot IGM
• CS22964-161: A Double-Lined Carbon- and s-Process-Enhanced Metal-Poor Binary Star
• A Survey of O VI, C III, and H I in Highly Ionized High-Velocity Clouds
• The Homogeneity of Interstellar Elemental Abundances in the Galactic Disk
• Efficient early stellar feedback can suppress galactic outflows by reducing supernova clustering
• Neutron Star Kicks and their Relationship to Supernovae Ejecta Mass
• Trident: a universal tool for generating synthetic absorption spectra from astrophysical simulations
• Determining solar abundances using helioseismology
• How do Uncertainties in the Surface Chemical Abundances of the Sun Affect the Predicted Solar Neutrino Fluxes?
• Chemical Abundances in Twelve Red Giants of the Large Magellanic Cloud from High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy
• FUSE and STIS Observations of the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium towards PG1259+593
• Solar abundances and helioseismology: fine structure spacings and separation ratios of low-degree p modes
• How Accurately Can We Calculate the Depth of the Solar Convective Zone?
• Stellar yields with rotation and their effect on chemical evolution models
• Line formation in solar granulation VII. CO lines and the solar C and O isotopic abundances
• Why one-dimensional models fail in the diagnosis of average spectra from inhomogeneous stellar atmospheres
• The solar photospheric abundance of carbon.Analysis of atomic carbon lines with the CO5BOLD solar model
• Molecular opacities for low-mass metal-poor AGB stars undergoing the Third Dredge Up
• Chemical Abundances in AGN Environment: X-Ray/UV Campaign on the MRK 279 Outflow
• Modelling of the quasar main sequence in the optical plane
• Hot Halos around High Redshift Protogalaxies: Observations of O VI and N V Absorption in Damped Lyman Alpha systems
• Numerical Study of Turbulent Mixing Layers with Non-Equilibrium Ionization Calculations
• The Deuterium-to-Hydrogen Ratio in a Low-Metallicity Cloud Falling onto the Milky Way
• Nova nucleosynthesis and Galactic evolution of the CNO isotopes
• C IV absorption in damped and sub-damped Lyman-alpha systems: correlations with metallicity and implications for galactic winds at z~2-3
• The Role of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ultraviolet Extinction. I. Probing small molecular PAHs
• AKARI Observations of Brown Dwarfs. III. CO, CO2 and CH4 Fundamental Bands and Physical Parameters
• Equilibrium Condensation from Chondritic Porous IDP Enriched Vapor: Implications for Mercury and Enstatite Chondrite Origins
• Discovery of a Primitive Damped Lyman alpha Absorber Near an X-ray Bright Galaxy Group in the Virgo Cluster
• AKARI Observations of Brown Dwarfs I.: CO and CO_2 Bands in the Near-Infrared Spectra
• Solar heavy element abundance: constraints from frequency separation ratios of low-degree p modes
• Critical Core Masses for Gas Giant Formation with Grain-Free Envelopes
• The Low-z Intergalactic Medium. II. LyB, OVI, and CIII Forest
• Estimation of Carbon Abundances in Metal-Poor Stars. I. Application to the "Strong G-band" stars of Beers, Preston, & Shectman
• Oxygen enrichment in carbon-rich planetary nebulae
• Transition from L to T Dwarfs on the Color-Magnitude Diagram
• Models for Massive Stellar Populations with Rotation
• The Chemical Composition and Gas-to-Dust Mass Ratio of Nearby Interstellar Matter
• Chemical Abundances in Broad Emission Line Regions: The "Nitrogen-Loud" QSO 0353-383
• A possible indication of momentum-dependent asymmetric dark matter in the Sun
• VLT Echelle Spectrophotometry of the Planetary Nebula NGC 5307 and Temperature Variations
• Physical Conditions in Quasar Outflows: VLT Observations of QSO 2359-1241
• The Hot Intergalactic Medium - Galaxy Connection: Two Strong Absorbers in the Sightline Toward PG 1211+143
• Coronal versus photospheric abundances of stars with different activity levels
• X-Ray Study of Temperature and Abundance Profiles of the Cluster of Galaxies Abell 1060 with Suzaku
• Low and intermediate mass star yields: The evolution of carbon abundances
• Internal Dust Correction Factors for Star Formation Rates Derived for Dusty \HII Regions and Starburst Galaxies
• The Multiphase Intergalactic Medium towards PKS 2155-304
• Nebular and stellar properties of a metal poor HII galaxy at z=3.36
• A Near-Solar Metallicity, Nitrogen-Deficient Lyman Limit Absorber Associated with two S0 Galaxies
• The Infrared Emission from the Narrow Line Region
• Cool luminous stars: the hybrid nature of their infrared spectra -- Carbon, oxygen, and their isotopic abundances in 23 K - M giant stars
• Dust in the Photospheric Environment II. Effect on the Near Infrared Spectra of L and T Dwarfs
• On the Determination of N and O Abundances in Low Metallicity Systems
• The chemistry of protoplanetary fragments formed via gravitational instabilities
• Non-LTE Balmer line formation in late-type spectra: Effects of atomic processes involving hydrogen atoms
• Interpreting the Ionization Sequence in AGN Emission-Line Spectra
• Accuracy of atmospheric parameters of FGK dwarfs determined by spectrum fitting
• Highly Ionized Gas in the Galactic Halo and the High Velocity Clouds Toward PG 1116+215
• Oxygen isotope anomalies of the Sun and the original environment of the Solar system
• OVI, NV, and CIV in the Galactic Halo: I. Velocity-Dependent Ionization Models
• The Structure of the Circumgalactic Medium of Galaxies: Cool Accretion Inflow Around NGC 1097
• The Carbon Content of Intergalactic Gas at z=4.25 and its Evolution Toward z=2.4
• C/O abundance ratios, iron depletions, and infrared dust features in Galactic planetary nebulae
• The X-ray emission from Young Stellar Objects in the rho Ophiuchi cloud core as seen by XMM-Newton
• Observations and 3D photoionisation modelling of the Wolf-Rayet planetary nebula NGC 1501
• Properties of warm absorbers in active galaxies: a systematic stability curve analysis
• Radiation pressure confinement - IV. Application to broad absorption line outflows
• On the volatile enrichments and composition of Jupiter
• C II Radiative Cooling of the Diffuse Gas in the Milky Way
• Metal-line emission from the warm-hot intergalactic medium: I. Soft X-rays
• Rapidly evolving faint transients from stripped-envelope electron-capture supernovae
• An Ultra-High-Resolution Survey of the Interstellar ^7Li-to-^6Li Isotope Ratio in the Solar Neighborhood
• Absorption-Line Systems and Galaxies in Front of the Second Brightest Quasar, PHL 1811
• High Metallicity, Photoionised Gas in Intergalactic Large-Scale Filaments
• The effects of thermodynamic stability on wind properties in different low mass black hole binary states
• Detection of hot, metal-enriched outflowing gas around $z\approx$2.3 star-forming galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• Line formation in solar granulation: V. Missing UV-opacity and the photospheric Be abundance
• Improved Fe II emission line models for AGN using new atomic datasets
• Infrared Photometry and Evolution of Mass-Losing AGB Stars. II. Luminosity and Colors of MS and S Stars
• Condensation of MgS in outflows from carbon stars
• Seismic study of the chemical composition of the solar convection zone
• Non-conservative evolution in Algols: where is the matter?
• AD Leonis: Flares observed by XMM-Newton and Chandra
• Chemical abundances of Seyfert 2 AGNs I. Comparing oxygen abundances from distinct methods using SDSS
• An empirical calibration of the mixing-length parameter alpha
• A Method to Derive the Absolute Composition of the Sun, the Solar System and the Stars
• Low Redshift Intergalactic Absorption Lines in the Spectrum of HE0226-4110
• The effects of spatially distributed ionisation sources on the temperature structure of HII region
• The X-Ray Scattering Halo Around Nova Cygni 1992: Testing a Model for Interstellar Dust
• Revisiting He-like X-ray Emission Line Plasma Diagnostics
• Akari Observations of Brown Dwarfs. II CO2 as Probe of Carbon and Oxygen Abundances in Brown Dwarfs
• The Chemical and Ionization Conditions in Weak Mg II Absorbers
• Establishing HZ43 A, Sirius B, and RX J185635-3754 as soft X-ray standards: a cross-calibration between the Chandra LETG+HRC-S, the EUVE spectrometer, and the ROSAT PSPC
• Surface abundances of light elements for a large sample of early B-type stars - IV. The magnesium abundance in 52 stars - a test of metallicity
• Elemental Abundances and Ionization States within the Local Interstellar Cloud Derived from HST and FUSE Observations of the Capella Line of Sight
• Identification of an Extended Accretion Disk Corona in the Hercules X-1 Low State: Moderate Optical Depth, Precise Density Determination, and Verification of CNO Abundances
• Metal-line emission from the warm-hot intergalactic medium: II. Ultraviolet
• FUSE Measurements of Far Ultraviolet Extinction. I. Galactic Sight Lines
• Coronal Emission Measures and Abundances for Moderately Active K Dwarfs Observed by Chandra
• Thermal conduction by dark matter with velocity and momentum-dependent cross-sections
• Solar Models and Solar Neutrinos: Current Status
• Can Fluffy Dust Alleviate the "Subsolar" Interstellar Abundance Problem?
• The ${}^{14}N(p,\gamma {)}^{15}O$ reaction, solar neutrinos and the age of the globular clusters
• Generalised form factor dark matter in the Sun
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis in the Hyades Open Cluster
• The Galactic Halo's O VI Resonance Line Intensity
• No hot and luminous progenitor for Tycho's supernova
• Semi-empirical metallicity calibrations based on ultraviolet emission lines of type-2 AGNs
• Perspectives in Global Helioseismology, and the Road Ahead
• FUSE Observations of Interstellar and Intergalactic Absorption Toward the X-ray Bright BL Lac Object Mrk 421
• Near Infrared Spectroscopy of M Dwarfs. I. CO Molecule as an Abundance Indicator of Carbon
• Rest-frame UV line emission from the intergalactic medium at 2<z<5
• Quasars with Super Metal Rich Emission Line Regions
• On the detectability of visible-wavelength line emission from the local circumgalactic and intergalactic medium
• Highly Ionized Plasma in the Halo of a Luminous Spiral Galaxy Near z=0.225
• Photoionized OVI absorbers toward the bright QSO HE 0515-4414
• XMM-Newton RGS observation of the warm absorber in Mrk 279
• The influence of soft spectral components on the structure and stability of warm absorbers in AGN
• How the diffuse Universe cools
• Effect of screening on spectroscopic properties of Li-like ions in plasma environment
• X-ray spectroscopy of Eta Carinae with XMM-Newton
• Nature and chemical abundances of a sample of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter objects at high redshift
• Effect of electromagnetic dipole dark matter on energy transport in the solar interior
• Early Enrichment of Quasars by First Stars
• An Abundance Analysis of the New Carbon-Rich Proto-Planetary Nebula IRAS 06530$-$0213
• Modeling Spitzer observations of VV Ser. II. an extended quantum heated nebula and a disk shadow
• HE 0141-3932: a bright QSO with an unusual emission line spectrum and associated absorption
• The Hamburg/ESO R-process Enhanced Star survey (HERES) VI. The Galactic Chemical Evolution of Silicon
• The warm-hot circumgalactic medium around EAGLE-simulation galaxies and its detection prospects with X-ray line emission
• Atmospheric composition of weak G band stars: CNO and Li abundances
• From the Heart of The Ghoul: C and N Abundances in the Corona of Algol B
• Interstellar Grains -- The 75th Anniversary
• Spatially-resolved HST Grism Spectroscopy of a Lensed Emission Line Galaxy at z~1
• Subgiants as probes of galactic chemical evolution
• Updated constraints on velocity and momentum-dependent asymmetric dark matter
• What have we learned from helioseismology, what have we really learned, and what do we aspire to learn?
• Solar Hydrogen Burning and Neutrinos
• Near Infrared Spectroscopy of M Dwarfs. II. H2O Molecule as an Abundance Indicator of Oxygen
• X-ray Evidence of the Common Envelope Phase of V471 Tauri
• Can X-rays provide a solution to the abundance discrepancy problem in photoionised nebulae?
• The R Coronae Borealis stars - carbon abundances from forbidden carbon lines
• The Solar Heavy Element Abundances: II. Constraints from Stellar Atmospheres
• Near infrared spectroscopy of M dwarfs. III. Carbon and oxygen abundances in late M dwarfs including the dusty rapid rotator 2MASSI J1835379+325954
• The effect of the regular solution model in the condensation of protoplanetary dust
• Absorption lines from magnetically driven winds in X-ray binaries II: high resolution observational signatures expected from future X-ray observatories
• Simulation of energy transport by dark matter scattering in stars
• Searching for NLTE effects in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b with Cloudy for Exoplanets
• A transition mass for black holes to show broad emission lines
• Carbon Abundances of Three Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars from High-Resolution Gemini-S/bHROS Spectra of the 8727A [C I] Line
• Light bosons and photospheric solutions to the solar abundance problem
• PN-Carbon Yields and the Chemical Evolution of the Galactic Disk
• Chemical composition of evolved stars of high galactic latitude
• Multiple ionisation sources in HII regions and their effect on derived nebular abundances
• SDSS J1138+3517: A quasar showing remarkably variable broad absorption lines
• Near infrared spectroscopy of M dwarfs. IV. A preliminary survey on the carbon isotopic ratios in M dwarfs
• Broad [OIII] in the globular cluster RZ 2109: X-ray ionized nova ejecta?
• AKARI Observations of Brown Dwarfs. IV. Effect of Elemental Abundances to Near-Infrared Spectra between 1.0 and 5.0 μm
• Physical properties and the variability mechanism of the He I outflow in NGC 4151
• On emission-line spectra obtained from evolutionary synthesis models II. Scale-relations and the estimation of mass dependences
• A compact flare eclipsed in the corona of SV Cam
• Discrimination of heavy elements originating from Pop III stars in z = 3 intergalactic medium
• Solar Model Parameters and Direct Measurements of Solar Neutrino Fluxes
• A comprehensive study on the relation between the metal enrichment of ionised and atomic gas in star-forming galaxies
• The broad OVI absorber at z = 3.02 toward CTQ 325
• Abundances in Galactic Bulge planetary nebulae from optical, ultraviolet and infrared observations
• Planetary Nebulae and How to Find Them: Color Identification in Big Broadband Surveys
• Modeling the Reverberation Response of the Broad Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei II: Incorporating Photoionization Models
• A theoretical investigation of far-infrared fine structure lines at $z>6$ and of the origin of the [OIII]88/[CII]158 enhancement
• Seismology of the Sun : Inference of Thermal, Dynamic and Magnetic Field Structures of the Interior
• Effect of Dust Size on the Near-Infrared Spectra (1.0-5.0 $\mu$m) of Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• A New Analysis of the O VI Emitting Nebula around KPD 0005+5106
• The effect of carbon grain destruction on the chemical structure of protoplanetary disks
• Metal-strong Inflows at the Outer-galactic-scale of a Quasar