Solar structure and evolution

Abstract

The Sun provides a critical benchmark for the general study of stellar structure and evolution. Also, knowledge about the internal properties of the Sun is important for the understanding of solar atmospheric phenomena, including the solar magnetic cycle. Here I provide a brief overview of the theory of stellar structure and evolution, including the physical processes and parameters that are involved. This is followed by a discussion of solar evolution, extending from the birth to the latest stages. As a background for the interpretation of observations related to the solar interior I provide a rather extensive analysis of the sensitivity of solar models to the assumptions underlying their calculation. I then discuss the detailed information about the solar interior that has become available through helioseismic investigations and the detection of solar neutrinos, with further constraints provided by the observed abundances of the lightest elements. Revisions in the determination of the solar surface abundances have led to increased discrepancies, discussed in some detail, between the observational inferences and solar models. I finally briefly address the relation of the Sun to other similar stars and the prospects for asteroseismic investigations of stellar structure and evolution.

arXiv commentInvited review for Living Reviews in Solar Physics

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• Temporal Variations in the Sun's Rotational Kinetic Energy
• Helioseismic analysis of the hydrogen partition function in the solar interior
• Improved Helioseismic Analysis of Medium-l Data from the Michelson Doppler Imager
• Element abundance ratios in the quiet Sun transition region
• Origin of solar torsional oscillations
• Asteroseismic diagrams for solar-type stars
• Solar Cycle Related Changes at the Base of the Convection Zone
• Towards a Solution to the Early Faint Sun Paradox: A Lower Cosmic Ray Flux from a Stronger Solar Wind
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• The Aarhus Red Giants Challenge I: Stellar structures in the red giant branch phase
• The radial gradient of the near-surface shear layer of the Sun
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• Angular Momentum Transport by Gravity Waves in the Solar Interior
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• The MHD equation of state with post-Holtsmark microfield distributions
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• Sirius A: turbulence or mass loss?
• A Constraint on Z_\odot from Fits of Isochrones to the Color-Magnitude Diagram of M67
• Convective contributions to the frequencies of solar oscillations
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• A synoptic comparison of the MHD and the OPAL equations of state
• Rotational Studies of Late-Type Stars. VII. M34 (NGC 1039) and the Evolution of Angular Momentum and Activity in Young Solar-Type Stars
• Thermohaline Mixing and its Role in the Evolution of Carbon and Nitrogen Abundances in Globular Cluster Red Giants: The Test Case of Messier 3
• Stellar models with mixing length and T(tau) relations calibrated on 3D convection simulations
• Does solar structure vary with solar magnetic activity?
• Amplitudes of stochastically excited oscillations in main-sequence stars
• Astronomical engineering: a strategy for modifying planetary orbits
• Supergranulation as the largest buoyantly driven convective scale of the Sun
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• Seismic study of the chemical composition of the solar convection zone
• Effective temperatures of red giants in the APOKASC catalogue and the mixing length calibration in stellar models
• Explaining the luminosity spread in young clusters: proto and pre-main sequence stellar evolution in a molecular cloud environment
• Solar Models with Revised Abundances and Opacities
• On the seismic age and heavy-element abundance of the Sun
• The mysterious cut-off of the Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function
• The CoRoT Evolution and Seismic Tools Activity: Goals and Tasks
• Nonlinear Dynamics of Gravity Wave Driven Flows in the Solar Radiative Interior
• Understanding the Limitations of Gyrochronology for Old Field Stars
• Stellar models with calibrated convection and temperature stratification from 3D hydrodynamics simulations
• A realistic two-dimensional model of Altair
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• The core helium flash revisited: I. One and two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations
• Solar Neutrino Measurements
• Lecture notes on the formation and early evolution of planetary systems
• Combining multiple structural inversions to constrain the Solar modelling problem
• Asteroseismic Diagnostics of Stellar Convective Cores
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• Three-dimensional surface convection simulations of metal-poor stars -- The effect of scattering on the photospheric temperature stratification
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• Revisiting the solar tachocline: Average properties and temporal variations
• Signatures of Solar Cycle 25 in Subsurface Zonal Flows
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• Solar Models and Solar Neutrinos: Current Status
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• On the coupling between helium settling and rotation-induced mixing in stellar radiative zones : II- Numerical approach
• Linear Solar Models
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• On the Coupling between Helium Settling and Rotation-Induced Mixing in Stellar Radiative Zones: II- Application to light elements in population I main-sequence stars
• Cyclic Changes of the Sun's Seismic Radius
• Seismic inversion of the solar entropy: A case for improving the Standard Solar Model
• Helioseismic Measurements in the Solar Envelope Using Group Velocities of Surface Waves
• Searching for g modes: Part II. Unconfirmed g-mode detection in the power spectrum of the time series of round-trip travel time
• The Sun in transition? Persistence of near-surface structural changes through Cycle 24
• Sensitivity of a low threshold directional detector to CNO-cycle solar neutrinos
• Solar Hydrogen Burning and Neutrinos
• What have we learned from helioseismology, what have we really learned, and what do we aspire to learn?
• Chemical enrichment of the pre-solar cloud by supernova dust grains
• On the Coupling between Helium Settling and Rotation-Induced Mixing in Stellar Radiative Zones: I- Analytical Approach
• Detailed opacity calculations for astrophysical applications
• The ancient main-sequence solar proxy HIP 102152 unveils the activity and rotational fate of our Sun
• Searching for g modes: Part I. A new calibration of the GOLF instrument
• Search for time modulations in the Gallex/GNO solar neutrino data
• The Sun as a fundamental calibrator of stellar evolution
• Inversions of the Ledoux discriminant: a closer look at the tachocline
• Butterfly diagram of a Sun-like star observed using asteroseismology
• The amplitude of solar p-mode oscillations from three-dimensional convection simulations
• Influence of metallicity on the near-surface effect on oscillation frequencies
• Solar Cycle Variations of Rotation and Asphericity in the Near-Surface Shear Layer
• On the oxygen isotopic composition of the Solar System
• The rotation rate of the solar radiative zone
• Solar models with new low-metal abundances
• A method for the estimation of p-mode parameters from averaged solar oscillation power spectra
• Addressing the acoustic tachocline anomaly and the lithium depletion problem at the same time
• Dust cleansing of star-forming gas: II. Did late accretion flows change the chemical composition of the solar atmosphere?
• Chemical mixing in low mass stars: I. Rotation against atomic diffusion including radiative accelerations
• The Solar Heavy Element Abundances: II. Constraints from Stellar Atmospheres
• Some glimpses from helioseismology at the dynamics of the deep solar interior
• A Critical Evaluation of Recent Claims Concerning Solar Rotation
• On the computation of eigenfrequencies for equilibrium models including turbulent pressure
• Improved calibration of the radii of cool stars based on 3D simulations of convection: implications for the solar model
• The Effect of Diffusion on Pulsations of Stars on the Upper Main Sequence. delta Scuti and Metallic A Stars
• Effects of convection on the mean solar structure
• Helioseismic and Neutrino Data Driven Reconstruction of Solar Properties
• Influence of heavy element and rotationally induced diffusions on the solar models
• Effects of Heavy Elements and Excited States in the Equation of State of the Solar Interior
• Asteroseismic Inference for Solar-Type Stars
• Seismic Solar Models from Ledoux discriminant inversions
• Radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of surface convection in low-mass stars: connections to stellar structure and asteroseismology
• Signature of solar g modes in first-order p-mode frequency shifts
• Opacity effects on the solar interior. I. Solar structure
• Helioseismology and the solar age
• Equation of state SAHA-S meets stellar evolution code CESAM2k
• Helioseismology: a fantastic tool to probe the interior of the Sun
• Interpolation of equation-of-state data
• Neutrino Oscillations with the MINOS, MINOS+, T2K, and NOvA Experiments
• Anticipating the Sun's heavy-element abundance
• Solar Twins and Possible Solutions of the Solar and Jupiter Abundance Problems
• Estimating the nonstructural component of the helioseismic surface term using hydrodynamic simulations
• Solar model with CNO revised abundances
• Recalculation of Astrophysical Opacities: Overview, Methodology and Atomic Calculations
• Ages for exoplanet host stars
• A Semi-Analytical Computation of the Theoretical Uncertainties of the Solar Neutrino Flux
• Improving 1D Stellar Models with 3D Atmospheres
• On the seismic age of the Sun
• Angular-momentum coupling through the tachocline
• Solar Neutrinos: Models, Observations, and New Opportunities
• Solar Models and NACRE thermonuclear reaction rates
• Abundances of massive stars: some recent developments
• The tachocline revisited
• Combining multiple structural inversions to constrain the Solar modelling problem
• Measuring Solar Abundances with Seismology
• Can Recently Derived Solar Photospheric Abundances Be Consistent with Helioseismology?
• About the time of evolution of a Solar Model

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• Non-standard modeling of a possible blue straggler star, KIC 11145123
• Testing a non-local 1-equation turbulent convection model: A solar model
• Asteroseismic Structure Inversions of Main-Sequence Solar-like Oscillators with Convective Cores
• The solar sulphur abundance in view of large-scale atomic structure calculations and 3D non-LTE models
• The impact of rotation on the stochastic excitation of stellar acoustic modes in solar-like pulsators
• Solar Models and Astrophysical S-factors Constrained by Helioseismic Results and Updated Neutrino Fluxes
• Variability of the Sun's luminosity places constraints on the thermal equilibrium of the convection zone
• The Current State of the Controversy over Screening in Nuclear Reactions
• Solar models with protosolar accretion and turbulent mixing
• Towards a comprehensive study of the 14N(p,g)15O astrophysical key reaction: Description of the experimental technique including novel target preparation
• The impact of the transport of chemicals and electronic screening on helioseismic and neutrino observations in solar models
• A $\nu$ look at the Sun: Probing the conditions of the solar core using ${}^8$B neutrinos
• Hemispheric Distribution of Solar Active Regions During Solar Cycles 23-25
• Asteroseismology of low-mass stars: the balance between partial ionisation and Coulomb interactions
• A study of the electrostatic properties of the interiors of low-mass stars: Possible implications for the observed rotational properties
• Third order correlations and skewness in convection. I. A new approach suitable for three-equation non-local models
• Probing stellar cores from inversions of frequency separation ratios
• Towards solar measurements of nuclear reaction rates
• Understanding hydrodynamical wave-driven shear mixing in stellar radiation zones. Looking in the mirror of the dyapicnal oceanic mixing
• Investigating the impact of Solar Fusion III reaction rates on helioseismic constraints and solar neutrino fluxes
• Testing the 3-equation Kuhfuss Convection Model using the Sun
• Some musings on erythrogigantoacoustics
• The solar carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances from a 3D LTE analysis of molecular lines
• Stellar Physics and General Relativity
• A data-driven estimate of the protosolar helium mass fraction
• Drop of solar wind at the end of the 20th century
• Setting the Stage: The Early History of the Solar System