A Grid of NLTE Line-Blanketed Model Atmospheres of Early B-type Stars

Abstract

We have constructed a comprehensive grid of 1540 metal line-blanketed, NLTE, plane-parallel, hydrostatic model atmospheres for the basic parameters appropriate to early B-type stars. The BSTAR2006 grid considers 16 values of effective temperatures, 15,000 K <= Teff <= 30,000 K with 1,000 K steps, 13 surface gravities, 1.75 <= log g <= 4.75 with 0.25 dex steps, 6 chemical compositions, and a microturbulent velocity of 2 km/s. The lower limit of log g for a given effective temperature is set by an approximate location of the Eddington limit. The selected chemical compositions range from twice to one tenth of the solar metallicity and metal-free. Additional model atmospheres for B supergiants (log g <= 3.0) have been calculated with a higher microturbulent velocity (10 km/s) and a surface composition that is enriched in helium and nitrogen, and depleted in carbon. This new grid complements our earlier OSTAR2002 grid of O-type stars (Lanz & Hubeny, 2003, ApJS, 146, 417). The paper contains a description of the BSTAR2006 grid and some illustrative examples and comparisons. NLTE ionization fractions, bolometric corrections, radiative accelerations, and effective gravities are obtained over the parameter range covered by the grid. By extrapolating radiative accelerations, we have determined an improved estimate of the Eddington limit in absence of rotation between 55,000 and 15,000 K. The complete BSTAR2006 grid is available at the TLUSTY website (http://nova.astro.umd.edu).

50 pages; to appear in ApJS; models available at http://nova.astro.umd.edu

References in corpus (2)

• Neon Abundances in B-Stars of the Orion Association: Solving the Solar Model Problem?
• On the sensitivity of HeI singlet lines to the FeIV model atom in O stars

Cited by in corpus (262)

• Modelling the nebular emission from primeval to present-day star-forming galaxies
• An Analysis of the Shapes of Interstellar Extinction Curves. VII. Milky Way Spectrophotometric Optical-through-Ultraviolet Extinction and Its R-Dependence
• Spitzer SAGE Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A wide star-black-hole binary system from radial-velocity measurements
• Spitzer SAGE-SMC Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Gaia Data Release 3: Apsis II -- Stellar Parameters
• A selection of hot subluminous stars in the GALEX survey II. Subdwarf atmospheric parameters
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: pyPipe3D analysis release for 10,000 galaxies
• The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey: Motivation, implementation, GIRAFFE data processing, analysis, and final data products
• The Luminosity Functions and Timescales of MYSOs and Compact HII regions
• Gravito-inertial and pressure modes detected in the B3 IV CoRoT target HD 43317
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XVI. The optical+NIR extinction laws in 30 Doradus and the photometric determination of the effective temperatures of OB stars
• Is HR 6819 a triple system containing a black hole? -- An alternative explanation
• New Grids of Pure-Hydrogen White-Dwarf NLTE Model Atmospheres \newline and the HST/STIS Flux Calibration
• An X-ray quiet black hole born with a negligible kick in a massive binary within the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Detection and Characterization of Be+sdO Binaries from HST/STIS FUV Spectroscopy
• An unusual white dwarf star may be a surviving remnant of a subluminous Type Ia supernova
• Stellar labels for hot stars from low-resolution spectra - I. the HotPayne method and results for 330,000 stars from LAMOST DR6
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XIX. B-type Supergiants - Atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances to investigate the role of binarity and the width of the main sequence
• Centimeter-wave continuum radiation from the rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud
• Identifying quiescent compact objects in massive Galactic single-lined spectroscopic binaries
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XVIII. Classifications and radial velocities of the B-type stars
• The Efficiency of Stellar Reionization: Effects of Rotation, Metallicity, and Initial Mass Function
• Carbon abundances of early B-type stars in the solar vicinity. Non-LTE line-formation for C II/III/IV and self-consistent atmospheric parameters
• A stripped-companion origin for Be stars: clues from the putative black holes HR 6819 and LB-1
• JWST Imaging of Earendel, the Extremely Magnified Star at Redshift $z=6.2$
• The light variability of the helium strong star HD 37776 as a result of its inhomogeneous elemental surface distribution
• The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring VI: Characterisation of hidden companions in 51 single-lined O-type binaries, a flat mass-ratio distribution, and black-hole binary candidates
• A census of massive stars in NGC 346. Stellar parameters and rotational velocities
• The Magnetic Early B-type Stars IV: Breakout or Leakage? H$\alpha$ emission as a diagnostic of plasma transport in centrifugal magnetospheres
• Keck/HIRES spectroscopy of V838 Monocerotis in October 2005
• The young massive SMC cluster NGC 330 seen by MUSE II. Multiplicity properties of the massive-star population
• Interpretation of the BRITE oscillation data of the hybrid pulsator $\nu$ Eridani: a call for the modification of stellar opacities
• KIC7668647: a 14 day beaming sdB+WD binary with a pulsating subdwarf
• How much hydrogen is in Type Ib and IIb supernova progenitors?
• The clumpy absorber in the high-mass X-ray binary Vela X-1
• High-Resolution Chandra X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Sigma Orionis Cluster
• Revisiting the archetypical wind accretor Vela X-1 in depth -- A case study of a well-known X-ray binary and the limits of our knowledge
• Non-conservative evolution in Algols: where is the matter?
• A Pulsational Mechanism for Producing Keplerian Disks around Be Stars
• The Hottest Horizontal-Branch Stars in omega Centauri - Late Hot Flasher vs. Helium Enrichment
• Impact of the Primordial Stellar Initial Mass Function on the 21-cm Signal
• Biases on initial mass function determinations. II. Real multiple systems and chance superpositions
• Variability of Be Stars in Southern Open Clusters
• Chandra spectroscopy of the hot star beta Crucis and the discovery of a pre-main-sequence companion
• Radial abundance gradients in the outer Galactic disk as traced by main-sequence OB stars
• The B and Be Star Population of NGC 3766
• Biases on initial mass function determinations. III. Cluster masses derived from unresolved photometry
• A Three-Decade Outburst of the LMC Luminous Blue Variable R127 Draws to a Close
• Argon Abundances in the Solar Neighborhood: Non-LTE Analysis of Orion Association B-type Stars
• Hot subdwarf stars identified in Gaia DR2 with spectra of LAMOST DR6 and DR7 I. Single-lined spectra
• X-ray irradiation of the winds in binaries with massive components
• Simultaneous analysis of SDSS spectra and GALEX photometry with STARLIGHT: Method and early results
• The deep OB star population in Carina from the VST Photometric H$\alpha$ Survey (VPHAS+)
• Intensity interferometry of P Cygni in the H$\alpha$ emission line: towards distance calibration of LBV supergiant stars
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): a spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC
• Stellar wind models of subluminous hot stars
• The orbital and physical properties of five southern Be+sdO binary systems
• The Magnetic Early B-type Stars II: stellar atmospheric parameters in the era of Gaia
• Recipes for bolometric corrections and Gaia luminosities of B-type stars: Application to an asteroseismic sample
• HD 156324: a tidally locked magnetic triple spectroscopic binary with a disrupted magnetosphere
• The surface magnetic field and chemical abundance distributions of the B2V helium-strong star HD184927
• First stellar spectroscopy in Leo P
• New mass-loss rates of B supergiants from global wind models
• Unlocking Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars with $\text{Gaia}$ DR2 II: Cluster and Association membership
• $K$-band integral field spectroscopy and optical spectroscopy of massive young stellar objects in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Interferometric detections of sdO companions orbiting three classical Be stars
• Mapping the Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons Using Resolved Stars: A Much Higher Escape Fraction for NGC 4214
• Dynamics of a Massive Binary at Birth
• The Red Supergiant Binary Fraction as a Function of Metallicity in M31 and M33
• Hot subdwarf stars identified in LAMOST DR8 with single-lined and composite spectra
• Visual and ultraviolet flux variability of the bright CP star $\theta$ Aur
• Orbital Parameters and Chemical Composition of Four White Dwarfs in Post-Common Envelope Binaries
• Binary Red Supergiants II: Discovering and Characterizing B-type Companions
• Galactic extinction laws: I. A global NIR analysis with 2MASS photometry
• Hot UV-bright stars of galactic globular clusters
• A homogeneous spectroscopic analysis of a Kepler legacy sample of dwarfs for gravity-mode asteroseismology
• Metal enrichment of the neutral gas of blue compact dwarf galaxies: the compelling case of Pox 36
• The magnetic field and spectral variability of the He-weak star HR 2949
• On the Detection of Supermassive Primordial Stars. II. Blue Supergiants
• CNO driven winds of hot first stars
• A Helium-Carbon Correlation on the Extreme Horizontal Branch in $\omega$ Centauri
• Gamma Cas Stars as Be + White Dwarf Binary Systems
• Seismic modelling of early B-type pulsators observed by BRITE: I. $\theta$ Ophiuchi
• A detailed non-LTE analysis of LB-1: Revised parameters and surface abundances
• MONOS.II. Orbit review and analysis for 35 single-lined spectroscopic binary systems and candidates
• The B-type Binaries Characterisation Programme II. VFTS 291: A stripped star from a recent mass transfer phase
• The $\beta$ Cep/SPB star 12 Lacertae: extended mode identification and complex seismic modelling
• SUPPNet: Neural network for stellar spectrum normalisation
• MWC 656 is unlikely to contain a black hole
• The pulsating magnetosphere of the extremely slowly rotating magnetic $\beta$ Cep star ${\xi }^1$ CMa
• Stellar parameters of Be stars observed with X-shooter
• Extreme broad He\2 emission at high and low redshifts: the dominant role of VMS in NGC 3125-A1 and CDFS131717
• Galactic extinction laws: II. Hidden in plain sight, a new interstellar absorption band at 7700 Å broader than any known DIB
• Quantitative spectroscopy of B-type supergiants
• The Early-type Stars from LAMOST survey: Atmospheric parameters
• The Loudest Stellar Heartbeat: Characterizing the most extreme amplitude heartbeat star system
• Digital color codes of stars
• MSG: A software package for interpolating stellar spectra in pre-calculated grids
• $\epsilon$ Lupi: measuring the heartbeat of a doubly-magnetic massive binary with BRITE-Constellation
• HD 62542: Probing the Bare, Dense Core of a Translucent Interstellar Cloud
• Optically thin circumstellar medium in $\beta$ Lyr A system
• Orbital and Superorbital Monitoring of the Be/X-ray binary A0538-66: constraints on the system parameters
• High-mass eclipsing binaries: a testbed for models of interior structure and evolution -- Accurate fundamental properties and surface chemical composition for V1034 Sco, GL Car, V573 Car and V346 Cen
• The young massive SMC cluster NGC 330 seen by MUSE III. Stellar parameters and rotational velocities
• Outbursts and stellar properties of the classical Be star HD 6226
• Ripple patterns in in-plane velocities of OB stars from LAMOST and Gaia
• HD 164492C: a rapidly-rotating, H$\alpha$-bright, magnetic early B star associated with a 12.5d spectroscopic binary
• Updated radial velocities and new constraints on the nature of the unseen source in NGC1850 BH1
• A comparison between X-shooter spectra and PHOENIX models across the HR-diagram
• Clues on the history of early-type galaxies from SDSS spectra and GALEX photometry
• Filling the gap between synchronized and non-synchronized sdBs in short-period sdBV+dM binaries with TESS: TIC 137608661, a new system with a well defined rotational splitting
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: The analysis of the hot-star spectra
• On the origin of close massive binaries in the M17 star-forming region
• Hydrodynamical models of cometary HII regions
• Stellar wind models of central stars of planetary nebulae
• Bow shocks, bow waves, and dust waves. II. Beyond the rip point
• HST/STIS analysis of the first main sequence pulsar CU Vir
• An 18.9-minute Blue Large-Amplitude Pulsator Crossing the 'Hertzsprung Gap' of Hot Subdwarfs
• The Origin of B-Type Runaway Stars: Non-LTE Abundances as a Diagnostic
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity. IV. Spectral analysis methods and exemplary results for O stars
• Ensemble asteroseismology of pulsating B-type stars in NGC 6910
• A High Precision Survey of the D/H Ratio in the Nearby Interstellar Medium
• A Panchromatic Study of Massive Stars in the Extremely Metal-Poor Local Group Dwarf Galaxy Leo A
• Survey of very broad Diffuse Interstellar Bands
• First detection of a magnetic field in low-luminosity B[e] stars: New scenarios for the nature and evolutionary stages of FS CMa stars
• A seven-Earth-radius helium-burning star inside a 20.5-min detached binary
• Searching for Hot Subdwarf Stars in LAMOST DR1-II. Pure spectroscopic identification method for hot subdwarfs
• Boron depletion in Galactic early B-type stars reveals two different main sequence star populations
• Escape from the Bermuda cluster: orphanization by multiple stellar ejections
• The iron abundance of the Magellanic Bridge
• How do Spitzer IRAC Fluxes Compare to HST CALSPEC
• Spectroscopic Detection of the Pre-White Dwarf Companion of Regulus
• Neon Abundances of B-stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• Long-period eclipsing binaries: towards the true mass-luminosity relation. I. The test sample, observations and data analysis
• Evidence of dust grain evolution from extinction mapping in the IC 63 photodissociation region
• MOBSTER -- V: Discovery of a magnetic companion star to the magnetic $\beta$ Cep pulsator HD 156424
• A hydrodynamic study of the circumstellar envelope of alpha Scorpii
• Hubble spectroscopy of LB-1: comparison with B+black-hole and Be+stripped-star models
• Pulsations in B-type supergiants with masses $M<20M_{\odot }$ before and after core helium ignition
• Discovery of SXP265, a Be/X-ray binary pulsar in the Wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The first heavy-metal hot subdwarf composite binary SB 744
• Dust Extinction Law in Nearby Star-Resolved Galaxies. I. M31 Traced by Supergiants
• Revised physical elements of the astrophysically important O9.5+O9.5V eclipsing binary system Y Cyg
• A Spectroscopic Orbit for the late-type Be star $\beta$ CMi
• New and revised parameters for several southern OB binaries
• Mass distribution for single-lined hot subdwarf stars in LAMOST
• Angular Sizes and Effective Temperatures of O-type Stars from Optical Interferometry with the CHARA Array
• An advanced N-body model for interacting multiple stellar systems
• The Physical Parameters of Four WC-type Wolf-Rayet Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: Evidence of Evolution
• A new study of the spectroscopic binary 7 Vul with a Be star primary
• A surprise in the updated list of stellar perturbers of long period comets motion
• The nature of the photometric variability of HgMn stars: A test of simulated light curves of ϕ Phe against the TESS data
• Unidentified Features in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of X Per
• NGC 6611 601: A hot pre-main sequence spectroscopic binary containing a centrifugal magnetosphere host star
• The Gaia-ESO survey: A spectroscopic study of the young open cluster NGC 3293
• WD 1145+017: Alternative models of the atmosphere, dust clouds, and gas rings
• The ESO UVES/FEROS Large Programs of TESS OB pulsators. I. Global stellar parameters from high-resolution spectroscopy
• B fields in OB stars (BOB): The magnetic triple stellar system HD 164492C in the Trifid nebula
• A New Grid of Synthetic Spectra for the Analysis of [WC]-type Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae
• Evolutionary Constraints on the Long-period Subdwarf B Binary PG 1018-047
• Extreme mass ratios and fast rotation in three massive binaries
• Connecting low- and high-mass star formation: the intermediate-mass protostar IRAS 05373+2349 VLA 2
• SALT observations of the supernova remnant MCSNR J0127-7332 and its associated Be X-ray binary SXP 1062 in the SMC
• BAT99 126: A multiple Wolf-Rayet system in the Large Magellanic Cloud with a massive near-contact binary
• BRITE observations of $\nu$ Centauri and $\gamma$ Lupi, the first non-eclipsing members of the new class of nascent binaries
• Long-term optical and X-ray variability of the Be/X-ray binary H 1145-619: discovery of an on-going retrograde density wave
• Observations of the Ultraviolet-Bright Star Barnard 29 in the Globular Cluster M13 (NGC 6205)
• Similar but different: the varied landscape of Onfp/Oef stars variability
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The MUSE-Faint survey. IV. Dissecting Leo T, a gas-rich relic with recent star formation
• Spectral analysis and abundances of the post-HB star HD 76431
• The GALANTE photometric survey of the northern Galactic plane: Project description and pipeline
• Search for stellar spots in field blue horizontal-branch stars
• V745\,Cassiopeia: an interacting young massive binary in a multiple star system
• Distorted surfaces of magnetic helium-peculiar stars: An application to a Cen
• The Transformative Journey of HD 93521
• Double-peaked OI profile: a likely signature of the gaseous ring around KH 15D
• Chemical Composition of Young Stars in the Leading Arm of the Magellanic System
• Revising the evolutionary stage of HD 163899: the effects of convective overshooting and rotation
• Stellar Parameters for Pulsating B Star Candidates in the Kepler Field
• Evolving pulsation of the slowly rotating magnetic $\beta$ Cep star ${\xi }^1$ CMa
• Improved determination of the atmospheric parameters of the pulsating sdB star Feige 48
• Exploring extreme brightness variations in blue supergiant MACHO 80.7443.1718: Evidence for companion-driven enhanced mass loss
• Spectrum of the secondary component and new orbital elements of the massive triple star Delta Ori A
• Dark Dust III: The high-quality single-cloud reddening curve sample. Scrutinizing extinction curves in the Milky Way
• Effect of rotational mixing and metallicity on the hot star wind mass-loss rates
• The nature of the light variability of magnetic Of?p star HD 191612
• A Grid of Synthetic Spectra for Subdwarfs: Non-LTE line-blanketed atmosphere models
• HIP 15429: A newborn Be star on an eccentric binary orbit
• Ultraviolet Spectropolarimetry With Polstar: Using Polstar to test Magnetospheric Mass-loss Quenching
• Towards a consistent model of the hot quadruple system HD 93206 = QZ Carinæ: II. N-body model
• X-ray irradiation of the stellar wind in HMXBs with B supergiants: Implications for ULXs
• Understanding the rotational variability of K2 targets. HgMn star KIC 250152017 and blue horizontal branch star KIC 249660366
• Variability in Optical Spectra of epsilon Orionis
• NLTE wind models of hot subdwarf stars
• Variations of the high-level Balmer line spectrum of the helium-strong star Sigma Orionis E
• Multiple variability time-scales of the early nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet star WR7
• Optically-thick Structure in Early B Type Supergiant Stellar Winds at Low Metallicities
• Dust around massive stars is agnostic to galactic environment: New insights from PHAT/BEAST
• Effects of chemically homogeneous evolution of the first stars on the 21-cm signal and reionization
• Detection of cesium in the atmosphere of the hot He-rich white dwarf HD 149499B
• Gaia-ESO Survey: massive stars in the Carina Nebula. II. The spectroscopic analysis of the O-star population
• Photometric properties and stellar parameters of the rapidly rotating magnetic early-B star HD 345439
• Searching for compact objects in the single-lined spectroscopic binaries of the young Galactic cluster NGC 6231
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Projected rotational velocities
• Infrared Excess of a Large OB Star Sample
• Unveiling the evolutionary state of three B supergiant stars: PU Gem, $\epsilon$ CMa and $\eta$ CMa
• 3D structure of HII regions in the star-forming complex S254-S258
• Investigating silicate, carbon, and water in the diffuse interstellar medium: the first shots from WISCI
• Rotational synchronisation of B-type binaries in 30 Doradus
• Improved model of the triple system V746 Cas that has a bipolar magnetic field associated with the tertiary
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity. XIII. Putting the bi-stability jump to the test in the LMC
• The Local Ultraviolet to Infrared Treasury I. Survey Overview of the Broadband Imaging
• Direct observation of the radial magnetic field gradient in HD58260 from spectropolarimetry of NLTE lines in emission
• Multi-wavelength Observations of MWC 297: Constraints on Disk Inclination and Mass Outflow
• The NGC 346 massive star census: Nitrogen abundances for apparently single, narrow lined, hydrogen core burning B-type stars
• Uncovering the structure and kinematics of the ionized core of M\,2-9 with ALMA
• Spectroscopy of the massive interacting binary UU Cassiopeiae
• Fluorescent Fe K line emission of gamma Cas stars II. Predictions for magnetic interactions and white-dwarf accretion scenarios
• A test field for Gaia. Radial velocity catalogue of stars in the South Ecliptic Pole
• Modeling the H$\alpha$ Emission Surrounding Spica using the Lyman Continuum from a Gravity-darkened Central Star
• The observed multiplicity properties of B-type stars in the Galactic young open cluster NGC 6231
• Radial velocities from far red spectra of Carina Arm O and early B stars
• Spectroscopic and Photometric Behaviour of LP Ori
• Red supergiant stars in binary systems II. Confirmation of B-type companions of red supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud using Hubble ultra-violet spectroscopy
• A Catalog of Stellar and Dust Properties for 500,000 Stars in the Southwest Bar of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Micro-turbulence across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Observational constrains for stars in the MW
• A new sample of massive B-type contact binary candidates from the OGLE survey of the Magellanic Clouds
• The He abundance in NGC 1850 A and B: are we observing the early stage of formation of multiple populations in a stellar cluster?
• The origin of B-type runaway stars based on kinematics
• $\delta$ Circini: A massive hierarchical triple system with an eclipsing binary
• SALT spectroscopy of the HMXB associated with the LMC supernova remnant MCSNR\,J0513$-$6724
• EPIC 206197016: A very hot white dwarf orbited by a strongly irradiated red dwarf
• Fundamental parameters of some B-type stars using NOAO Indo-U.S. Library
• A Young Eclipsing Binary and its Luminous Neighbors in the Embedded Star Cluster Sh 2-252E
• Variability of Galactic blue supergiants observed with TESS
• Mass Transfer as an Explanation for the Lifetime-Travel Time Discrepancy in IT Librae
• Determining stellar properties of massive stars in NGC346 in the SMC with a Bayesian statistic technique
• The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars. NGC2004#115: A triple system hosting a possible short period B+BH binary
• The First Data Release of LAMOST Low Resolution Single Epoch Spectra
• Variation of the stellar color in high-magnification and caustic-crossing microlensing events
• Discovery of a hot post-AGB star in Galactic globular cluster E3
• Revealing the Binarity of HD 36030 -- One of the Hottest Flare Stars
• Polarization in caustic-crossing binary microlensing events
• An asteroseismic study of the Southern $\beta$ Cephei star \astrobj{ALS 3721}
• VLTI observations of the Orion Belt stars: I. eps Orionis
• Fe XVII $2p$-$3s$ line ratio diagnostic of shock formation radius in O stars
• An attempt of seismic modelling of Beta Cephei stars in NGC 6910
• The symphony of pulsations and binarity among massive stars using HERMES spectroscopy and TESS photometry
• Measuring the stellar atmosphere parameters using follow-up polarimetry microlensing observations
• A rare phosphorus-rich star in an eclipsing binary from TESS
• NGC 2004 #115: a black hole imposter containing three luminous stars
• Study of Massive OBA Stars with X-ray Emission
• PDRs4All XVIII. JWST-NIRCam Photometric properties of protoplanetary disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• A hybrid SLAM-Payne framework for atmospheric parameter and abundance determination of early-type Stars from LAMOST DR9 low-resolution Spectra
• HD 188101: A Spotted B Star with Abundance Anomalies
• The X-shooter Spectral Library (XSL): Data Release 3
• Unraveling the variability of sigma Ori E
• Spectroscopic Line Modeling of the Fastest Rotating O-type Stars
• Observations of the Bright Star in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• Imladris: a detailed and flexible model for galaxy simulations with individual stars