ExoClock project II: A large-scale integrated study with 180 updated exoplanet ephemerides

Abstract

The ExoClock project is an inclusive, integrated, and interactive platform that was developed to monitor the ephemerides of the Ariel targets to increase the mission efficiency. The project makes the best use of all available resources, i.e., observations from ground telescopes, mid-time values from the literature and finally, observations from space instruments. Currently, the ExoClock network includes 280 participants with telescopes capable of observing 85\% of the currently known Ariel candidate targets. This work includes the results of $\sim$1600 observations obtained up to the 31st of December 2020 from the ExoClock network. These data in combination with $\sim$2350 mid-time values collected from the literature are used to update the ephemerides of 180 planets. The analysis shows that 40\% of the updated ephemerides will have an impact on future scheduling as either they have a significantly improved precision, or they have revealed biases in the old ephemerides. With the new observations, the observing coverage and rate for half of the planets in the sample has been doubled or more. Finally, from a population perspective, we identify that the differences in the 2028 predictions between the old and the new ephemerides have an STD that is double what is expected from gaussian uncertainties. These findings have implications for planning future observations, where we will need to account for drifts potentially greater than the prediction uncertainties. The updated ephemerides are open and accessible to the wider exoplanet community both from our Open Science Framework (OSF) repository and our website.

arXiv comment9 pages (47 with appendices and references), 8 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to ApJS. Revised based on the reviewer's comments

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• HAT-P-54b: A hot jupiter transiting a 0.64 Msun star in field 0 of the K2 mission
• Starspots on WASP-85
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• LRG-BEASTS III: Ground-based transmission spectrum of the gas giant orbiting the cool dwarf WASP-80
• Discovery of XO-6b: a hot Jupiter transiting a fast rotating F5 star on an oblique orbit
• WASP-36b: A new transiting planet around a metal-poor G-dwarf, and an investigation into analyses based on a single transit light curve
• Possible Transit Timing Variations of the TrES-3 Planetary System
• Homogeneously derived transit timings for 17 exoplanets and reassessed TTV trends for WASP-12 and WASP-4
• Independent confirmation and refined parameters of the hot Jupiter XO-5b
• KELT-16b: A highly irradiated, ultra-short period hot Jupiter nearing tidal disruption
• Gemini/GMOS Transmission Spectral Survey: Complete Optical Transmission Spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-4b
• Constraints on the Atmospheric Circulation and Variability of the Eccentric Hot Jupiter XO-3b
• TrES-5: A Massive Jupiter-sized Planet Transiting A Cool G-dwarf
• Photometric observation of HAT-P-16b in the near-UV
• HAT-P-25b: a Hot-Jupiter Transiting a Moderately Faint G Star
• TASTE: The Asiago Search for Transit timing variations of Exoplanets. I. Overview and improved parameters for HAT-P-3b and HAT-P-14b
• NICMOS Observations of the Transiting Hot Jupiter XO-1b
• The Broadband and Spectrally-Resolved H-band Eclipse of KELT-1b and the Role of Surface Gravity in Stratospheric Inversions in Hot Jupiters
• Transit Observations of the WASP-10 System
• Pre-discovery observations of CoRoT-1b and CoRoT-2b with the BEST survey
• The Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect of the Transiting Exoplanet XO-4b
• WASP-16b: A new Jupiter-like planet transiting a southern solar analog
• Transit timing analysis of the exoplanets TrES-1 and TrES-2
• Characterizing Transiting Extrasolar Planets with Narrow-Band Photometry and GTC/OSIRIS
• Near-UV and optical observations of the transiting exoplanet TrES-3b
• Starspot occultations in infrared transit spectroscopy: the case of WASP-52b
• Transit timing variations in the WASP-4 planetary system
• Simultaneous follow-up of planetary transits: revised physical properties for the planetary systems HAT-P-16 and WASP-21
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• Planetary transit observations at the University Observatory Jena: TrES-2
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• Original Research By Young Twinkle Students (ORBYTS): Ephemeris Refinement of Transiting Exoplanets
• A Revised Orbital Ephemeris for HAT-P-9b
• High-precision multi-wavelength eclipse photometry of the ultra-hot gas giant exoplanet WASP-103 b
• Qatar-1: indications for possible transit timing variations
• An extremely high photometric precision in ground-based observations of two transits in the WASP-50 planetary system
• A new look at Spitzer primary transit observations of the exoplanet HD189733b
• Ephemeris refinement of 21 Hot Jupiter exoplanets with high timing uncertainties
• Regaining the FORS: optical ground-based transmission spectroscopy of the exoplanet WASP-19b with VLT+FORS2
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. V. WASP-15 and WASP-16
• High Cadence Near Infrared Timing Observations of Extrasolar Planets: I. GJ 436b and XO-1b
• HATS-25b through HATS-30b: A Half-dozen New Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters from the HATSouth Survey
• TTVs analysis in Southern Stars: the case of WASP-28
• TraMoS project III: Improved physical parameters, timing analysis, and star-spot modelling of the WASP-4b exoplanet system from 38 transit observations
• EPIC211089792 b: an aligned and inflated hot jupiter in a young visual binary
• Physical properties of the WASP-44 planetary system from simultaneous multi-colour photometry
• Peculiar architectures for the WASP-53 and WASP-81 planet-hosting systems
• Photometric follow-up of the transiting planet WASP-1b
• TASTE. III. A homogeneous study of transit time variations in WASP-3b
• High-precision multi-band time-series photometry of exoplanets Qatar-1b and TrES-5b
• HAT-P-49b: A 1.7 M_J Planet Transiting a Bright 1.5 M_S F-Star
• Detection of Na in WASP-21b's lower and upper atmosphere
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. VIII. WASP-22, WASP-41, WASP-42 and WASP-55
• Qatar Exoplanet Survey : Qatar-3b, Qatar-4b and Qatar-5b
• WASP-92b, WASP-93b and WASP-118b: Three new transiting close-in giant planets
• Transit timing variations in the HAT-P-13 planetary system
• Transit Timing Variations and linear ephemerides of confirmed Kepler transiting exoplanets
• WASP-32b: A transiting hot Jupiter planet orbiting a lithium-poor, solar-type star
• WASP-104b and WASP-106b: two transiting hot Jupiters in 1.75-day and 9.3-day orbits
• Observations of the WASP-2 System by the APOSTLE Program
• Securing the legacy of TESS through the care and maintenance of TESS planet ephemerides
• WASP-54b, WASP-56b and WASP-57b: Three new sub-Jupiter mass planets from SuperWASP
• HAT-P-56b: An inflated massive Hot Jupiter transiting a bright F star followed up with K2 Campaign 0 observations
• Refined physical properties and g',r',i',z',J,H,K transmission spectrum of WASP-23b from the ground
• XO-4b: An Extrasolar Planet Transiting an F5V Star
• A comparative study of WASP-67b and HAT-P-38b from WFC3 data
• LBT transmission spectroscopy of HAT-P-12b: confirmation of a cloudy atmosphere with no significant alkali features
• KELT-14b and KELT-15b: An Independent Discovery of WASP-122b and a New Hot Jupiter
• Photometric Follow-up Observations of the Transiting Neptune-Mass Planet GJ 436b
• Physical properties and transmission spectrum of the WASP-74 planetary system from multi-band photometry
• The well-aligned orbit of WASP-84b: evidence for disc migration
• An optical transmission spectrum of the transiting hot Jupiter in the metal-poor WASP-98 planetary system
• Physical properties of the HAT-P-23 and WASP-48 planetary systems from multi-colour photometry
• Discovery of WASP-113b and WASP-114b, two inflated hot-Jupiters with contrasting densities
• WASP-26b: A 1-Jupiter-mass planet around an early-G-type star
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). II. Refined System Parameters and Transit Timing Analysis of HAT-P-33b
• Discarding orbital decay in WASP-19b after one decade of transit observations
• Recurring sets of recurring starspot occultations on exoplanet-host Qatar-2
• WASP-40b: independent discovery of the 0.6-Mjup transiting exoplanet HAT-P-27b
• Ground-based transit observations of the HAT-P-18, HAT-P-19, HAT-P-27/WASP-40 and WASP-21 systems
• Discovery of WASP-65b and WASP-75b: Two Hot Jupiters Without Highly Inflated Radii
• Ground-based transit observations of the super-Earth GJ 1214b
• Multi-band transit observations of the TrES-2b exoplanet
• Two Hot Jupiters from K2 Campaign 4
• Kepler-447b: a hot-Jupiter with an extremely grazing transit
• Physical properties of the planetary systems WASP-45 and WASP-46 from simultaneous multi-band photometry
• Possible detection of a bimodal cloud distribution in the atmosphere of HAT-P-32\,A\,b from multi-band photometry
• The TESS Phase Curve of KELT-1b Suggests a High Dayside Albedo
• Probing Transit Timing Variation and its Possible Origin with Twelve New Transits of TrES-3b
• Exoplanet Transits Registered at the Universidad de Monterrey Observatory. Part I: HAT-P-12b, HAT-P-13b, HAT-P-16b, HAT-P-23b and WASP-10b
• Demonstrating High-precision, Multiband Transit Photometry with MuSCAT: A Case for HAT-P-14b
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). IV. Refined System Parameters, Transit Timing Variations and Orbital Stability of the Transiting Planetary System HAT-P-25
• LRG-BEASTS: Ground-based Detection of Sodium and a Steep Optical Slope in the Atmosphere of the Highly Inflated Hot-Saturn WASP-21b
• WASP-147b, 160Bb, 164b and 165b: two hot Saturns and two Jupiters, including two planets with metal-rich hosts
• HATS-31b Through HATS-35b: Five Transiting Hot Jupiters Discovered by the HATSouth Survey
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). I. Refined System Parameters and Transit Timing Variations of HAT-P-29b
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N@TNG VI: The Curious Case of TrES-4b
• Transit timing analysis of the exoplanet TrES-5 b. Possible existence of the exoplanet TrES-5 c
• HATS-22b, HATS-23b and HATS-24b: Three new transiting Super-Jupiters from the HATSouth Project
• TASTE. II. A new observational study of transit time variations in HAT-P-13b
• HATS-43b, HATS-44b, HATS-45b, and HATS-46b: Four Short Period Transiting Giant Planets in the Neptune-Jupiter Mass Range
• SuperWASP Observations of the Transiting Extrasolar planet XO-1b
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey X. Stellar spots versus Rayleigh scattering: the case of HAT-P-11b
• Planetary transit observations at the University Observatory Jena: XO-1b and TrES-1
• EPIC229426032 b and EPIC246067459 b: discovery and characterization of two new transiting hot Jupiters from K2
• HATS-13b and HATS-14b: two transiting hot Jupiters from the HATSouth survey
• WASP-14 b: Transit Timing analysis of 19 light curves
• APOSTLE: Eleven Transit Observations of TrES-3b
• Disentangling planetary and stellar activity features in the CoRoT-2 light curve
• Analysis of new high-precision transit light curves of WASP-10 b: starspot occultations, small planetary radius, and high metallicity
• Indications for transit timing variations in the exo-Neptune HAT-P-26b
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey. VII. An optical transmission spectrum of WASP-48b
• No variations in transit times for Qatar-1 b
• Larger and faster: revised properties and a shorter orbital period for the WASP-57 planetary system from a pro-am collaboration
• A search for transit timing variations and orbital decay in WASP-46b
• KELT-18b: Puffy Planet, Hot Host, Probably Perturbed
• WASP-135b: a highly irradiated, inflated hot Jupiter orbiting a G5V star
• Detection limits of exoplanetary atmospheres with 2-m class telescopes
• Distribution of refractory and volatile elements in CoRoT exoplanet host stars
• WASP-20 is a close visual binary with a transiting hot Jupiter
• Photometric Investigation of Hot Exoplanets: TrES-3b and Qatar-1b
• KPS-1b: the first transiting exoplanet discovered using an amateur astronomer's wide-field CCD data
• HAT-P-55b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting a Sun-like Star
• Photometric Follow-up Transit (Primary Eclipse) Observations of WASP-43 b and TrES-3b and A Study on Their Transit Timing Variations
• Affordable echelle spectroscopy of the eccentric HAT-P-2, WASP-14 and XO-3 planetary systems with a sub-meter-class telescope
• WASP-157b, a Transiting Hot Jupiter Observed with K2
• TESS Observations of the Hot Jupiter Exoplanet XO-6b: No Evidence of Transit Timing Variations
• The DEdicated MONitor of EXotransits (DEMONEX): Seven Transits of XO-4b
• Photometric defocus observations of transiting extrasolar planets
• A Holistic and Probabilistic Approach to the Ground-based Data of HAT-P-19 System
• Project Solaris, a Global Network of Autonomous Observatories: Design, Commissioning, and First Science Results
• Multi-band characterization of the hot Jupiters: WASP-5b, WASP-44b and WASP-46b
• Physical properties and optical-infrared transmission spectrum of the giant planet XO-1b
• The young planetary system K2-25: constraints on companions and starspots
• Thermal emission of WASP-48b in the Ks-band
• Efficient Follow-Up of Exoplanet Transits Using Small Telescopes

Cited by in corpus (31)

• A reflective, metal-rich atmosphere for GJ 1214b from its JWST phase curve
• TESS Transit Timing of Hundreds of Hot Jupiters
• The Upper Edge of the Neptune Desert Is Stable Against Photoevaporation
• ExoClock Project III: 450 new exoplanet ephemerides from ground and space observations
• Spatially-resolving the terminator: Variation of Fe, temperature and winds in WASP-76 b across planetary limbs and orbital phase
• The Ariel Target List: The Impact of TESS and the Potential for Characterising Multiple Planets Within a System
• Homogeneous search for helium in the atmosphere of 11 gas giant exoplanets with SPIRou
• Evidence for Morning-to-Evening Limb Asymmetry on the Cool Low-Density Exoplanet WASP-107b
• Examining the orbital decay targets KELT-9 b, KELT-16 b and WASP-4 b, and the transit-timing variations of HD 97658 b
• MOVES V. Modelling star-planet magnetic interactions of HD 189733
• Evidence of Long-Term Period Variations in the Exoplanet Transit Database (ETD)
• Probing atmospheric escape through metastable He I triplet lines in 15 exoplanets observed with SPIRou
• Searching for Candidates of Orbital Decays among Transit Exoplanets
• The K2 & TESS Synergy II: Revisiting 26 systems in the TESS Primary Mission
• WASP-35 and HAT-P-30/WASP-51: re-analysis using TESS and ground-based transit photometry
• The apparent tidal decay of WASP-4 b can be explained by the Rømer effect
• Precise Transit Photometry Using TESS II: Revisiting 28 Additional Transiting Systems With Updated Physical Properties
• A Population Analysis of 20 Exoplanets Observed from the Optical to the Near-infrared Wavelengths with HST: Evidence for Widespread Stellar Contamination
• ATMOSPHERIX: III- Estimating the C/O ratio and molecular dynamics at the limbs of WASP-76 b with SPIRou
• How do wavelength correlations affect transmission spectra? Application of a new fast and flexible 2D Gaussian process framework to transiting exoplanet spectroscopy
• An Analytic Characterization of the Limb Asymmetry -- Transit Time Degeneracy
• Simultaneous multicolour transit photometry of hot Jupiters HAT-P-19b, HAT-P-51b, HAT-P-55b, and HAT-P-65b
• A CHEOPS Search for Massive, Long-Period Companions to the Warm Jupiter K2-139 b
• Detection of CO${}_2$, CO, and H${}_2$O in the atmosphere of the warm sub-Saturn HAT-P-12b
• Homogeneous search for spot transits in Kepler and TESS photometry of K $-$ M-type main-sequence stars
• TrES-1 b: A Case Study in Detecting Secular Evolution of Exoplanet Orbits
• Ground-Based Reconnaissance Observations of 21 Exoplanet Atmospheres with the Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy Imager
• Unraveling the Mystery of the Peculiar and Young Hot Jupiter CoRoT-2b. I. H${}_2$O and CO Detection from Dayside Observations with Gemini-S/IGRINS
• A search for transit timing variations in the transiting hot Jupiter systems HIP 65, NGTS-6, NGTS-10 and WASP-173
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Rossiter-McLaughlin Systems: Distinct $e$-$\lambda$ Trends in Three Gas-Giant Mass Regimes
• Information content of JWST transmission spectroscopy of the exoplanet HAT-P-12b from the optical to the mid-infrared