Space Weather-driven Variations in Ly$\alpha$ Absorption Signatures of Exoplanet Atmospheric Escape: MHD Simulations and the Case of AU Mic b

Abstract

We simulate the space environment around AU Microscopii b and the interaction between the magnetized stellar wind with a planetary atmospheric outflow for ambient stellar wind conditions and Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) conditions. We also calculate synthetic Ly$\alpha$ absorption due to neutral hydrogen in the ambient and the escaping planetary atmosphere affected by this interaction. We find that the Ly$\alpha$ absorption is highly variable due to the highly-varying stellar wind conditions. A strong Doppler blue-shift component is observed in the Ly$\alpha$ profile, in contradiction to the actual escape velocity observed in the simulations themselves. This result suggest that the strong Doppler blue-shift is likely attributed to the stellar wind, not the escaping neutral atmosphere, either through its advection of neutral planetary gas, or through the creation of a fast neutral flow via charge exchange between the stellar wind ions and the planetary neutrals. Indeed, our CME simulations indicate a strong stripping of magnetospheric material from the planet, including some of the neutral escaping atmosphere. Our simulations show that the pressure around close-in exoplanets is not much lower, and may be even higher, than the pressure at the top of the planetary atmosphere. Thus, the neutral atmosphere is hydrodynamically escaping with a very small velocity ($<15km{s}^{-1}$). Moreover, our simulations show that an MHD treatment is essential in order to properly capture the coupled magnetized stellar wind and the escaping atmosphere, despite of the atmosphere being neutral. This coupling should be considered when interpreting Ly$\alpha$observations in the context of exoplanets atmospheric escape.

21 pages, accepted to ApJ

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Cited by in corpus (10)

• A Seven-Day Multi-Wavelength Flare Campaign on AU Mic I: High-Time Resolution Light Curves and the Thermal Empirical Neupert Effect
• The Variable Detection of Atmospheric Escape around the young, Hot Neptune AU Mic b
• Stellar Energetic Particle Transport in the Turbulent and CME-disrupted Stellar Wind of AU~Microscopii
• A Seven-Day Multi-Wavelength Flare Campaign on AU Mic III: Quiescent and Flaring Properties of the X-ray Spectra and Chromospheric lines
• Stellar wind impact on early atmospheres around unmagnetized Earth-like planets
• Three young planets around the K-dwarf K2-198: High-energy environment, evaporation history and expected future
• Far-ultraviolet flares and variability of the young M dwarf AU Mic: a non-detection of planet c in transit at Lyman-alpha
• Doppler-shifted Signatures in the Chromospheric Line Profiles of II Pegasi
• Large-scale structures in the stellar wind of fast-rotating stars spawned by the presence of Earth-like planets
• Investigating Possible Stellar Coronal Mass Ejections in M-type Dwarfs Using the CARMENES DR1 Spectra