The architecture and formation of the Kepler-30 planetary system

Abstract

We study the orbital architecture, physical characteristics of planets, formation and long-term evolution of the Kepler-30 planetary system, detected and announced in 2012 by the KEPLER team. We show that the Kepler-30 system belongs to a particular class of very compact and quasi-resonant, yet long-term stable planetary systems. We re-analyse the light curves of the host star spanning Q1-Q17 quarters of the KEPLER mission. A huge variability of the Transit Timing Variations (TTV) exceeding 2 days is induced by a massive Jovian planet located between two Neptune-like companions. The innermost pair is near to the 2:1 mean motion resonance (MMR), and the outermost pair is close to higher order MMRs, such as 17:7 and 7:3. Our re-analysis of photometric data allows us to constrain, better than before, the orbital elements, planets' radii and masses, which are $9.2\pm 0.1$, $536\pm 5$, and $23.7\pm 1.3$ Earth masses for Kepler-30b, Kepler-30c and Kepler-30d, respectively. The masses of the inner planets are determined within $\sim 1\%$ uncertainty. We infer the internal structures of the Kepler-30 planets and their bulk densities in a wide range from $(0.19\pm 0.01)$ g$\cdot$cm${}^{-3}$ for Kepler-30d, $(0.96\pm 0.15)$ g$\cdot$cm${}^{-3}$ for Kepler-30b, to $(1.71\pm 0.13)$ g$\cdot$cm${}^{-3}$ for the Jovian planet Kepler-30c. We attempt to explain the origin of this unique planetary system and a deviation of the orbits from exact MMRs through the planetary migration scenario. We anticipate that the Jupiter-like planet plays an important role in determining the present dynamical state of this system.

38 pages, 34 figures, corrected version re-submitted to Monthly Notices of the RAS (MNRAS)

References in corpus (24)

• DHP Framework: Digital Health Passports Using Blockchain -- Use case on international tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic
• The California-Kepler Survey V. Peas in a Pod: Planets in a Kepler Multi-planet System are Similar in Size and Regularly Spaced
• Limb darkening and exoplanets: testing stellar model atmospheres and identifying biases in transit parameters
• A resonant chain of four transiting, sub-Neptune planets
• Alignment of the stellar spin with the orbits of a three-planet system
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler V: Planet Sample from Q1-Q12 (36 Months)
• The California-Kepler Survey. II. Precise Physical Properties of 2025 Kepler Planets and Their Host Stars
• The Kepler-10 planetary system revisited by HARPS-N: A hot rocky world and a solid Neptune-mass planet
• Kepler Multi-Planet Systems Exhibit Unexpected Intra-system Uniformity in Mass and Radius
• A Dynamical Analysis of the Kepler-80 System of Five Transiting Planets
• Measurement of planet masses with transit timing variations due to synodic "chopping" effects
• TRADES: A new software to derive orbital parameters from observed transit times and radial velocities. Revisiting Kepler-11 and Kepler-9
• An Overabundance of Low-density Neptune-like Planets
• The long-term stability of extrasolar system HD 37124. Numerical study of resonance effects
• Resonances of low orders in the planetary system of HD37124
• Eccentric Companions to Kepler-448b and Kepler-693b: Clues to the Formation of Warm Jupiters
• The Reversibility Error Method (REM): a new, dynamical fast indicator for planetary dynamics
• Analysis of Round Off Errors with Reversibility Test as a Dynamical Indicator
• Kepler-447b: a hot-Jupiter with an extremely grazing transit
• Masses of Kepler-46b, c from Transit Timing Variations
• The origin and 9:7 MMR dynamics of the Kepler-29 system
• Transit Timing Variations in the system Kepler-410Ab
• Kepler-9 revisited 60% the mass with six times more data
• Possible formation pathways for the low density Neptune-mass planet HAT-P-26b

Cited by in corpus (11)

• A transiting warm giant planet around the young active star TOI-201
• TOI-1130: A photodynamical analysis of a hot Jupiter in resonance with an inner low-mass planet
• Alleviating the transit timing variation bias in transit surveys. I. RIVERS: Method and detection of a pair of resonant super-Earths around Kepler-1705
• Following up the Kepler field: Masses of Targets for transit timing and atmospheric characterization
• TOI-1670 b and c: An Inner Sub-Neptune with an Outer Warm Jupiter Unlikely to have Originated from High-Eccentricity Migration
• Two Super-Earths in the 3:2 MMR around KOI-1599
• TESS Observations of Kepler systems with Transit Timing Variations
• TOI-4504: Exceptionally large Transit Timing Variations induced by two resonant warm gas giants in a three planet system
• Periodic orbits in the 1:2:3 resonant chain and their impact on the orbital dynamics of the Kepler-51 planetary system
• On the multiscale behaviour of stellar activity and rotation of the planet host Kepler-30
• Stability of exoplanetary systems retrieved from scalar time series