Transitional disks and their origins: an infrared spectroscopic survey of Orion A

Abstract

Transitional disks are protoplanetary disks around young stars, with inner holes or gaps which are surrounded by optically thick outer, and often inner, disks. Here we present observations of 62 new transitional disks in the Orion A star-forming region. These were identified using the \textit{Spitzer Space Telescope}'s Infrared Spectrograph and followed up with determinations of stellar and accretion parameters using the Infrared Telescope Facility's SpeX. We combine these new observations with our previous results on transitional disks in Taurus, Chamaeleon I, Ophiuchus and Perseus, and with archival X-ray observations. This produces a sample of 105 transitional disks of "cluster" age 3 Myr or less, by far the largest hitherto assembled. We use this sample to search for trends between the radial structure in the disks and many other system properties, in order to place constraints on the possible origins of transitional disks. We see a clear progression of host star accretion rate and the different disk morphologies. We confirm that transitional disks with complete central clearings have median accretion rates an order of magnitude smaller than radially continuous disks of the same population. Pre-transitional disks --- those objects with gaps that separate inner and outer disks --- have median accretion rates intermediate between the two. Our results from the search for statistically significant trends, especially related to $\dot{M}$, strongly support that in both cases the gaps are far more likely to be due to the gravitational influence of Jovian planets or brown dwarfs orbiting within the gaps, than to any of the photoevaporative, turbulent or grain-growth processes that can lead to disk dissipation. We also find that the fraction of Class II YSOs which are transitional disks is large, 0.1-0.2, especially in the youngest associations.

96 pages, 25 figures, resubmitted to ApJ

References in corpus (28)

• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• The distance to the Orion Nebula
• Coagulation, fragmentation and radial motion of solid particles in protoplanetary disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Survey. V. The Second XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• The XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST)
• Accretion in the Rho-Oph pre-main sequence stars
• A Submillimeter View of Circumstellar Dust Disks in $\rho$ Ophiuchus
• Dust filtration at gap edges: Implications for the spectral energy distributions of discs with embedded planets
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs I: hydrodynamic models
• On the Diversity of the Taurus Transitional Disks: UX Tau A & Lk Ca 15
• Demographics of Transition Objects
• The Disk Around CoKu Tau/4: Circumbinary, not Transitional
• Why Do T Tauri Disks Accrete?
• Crystalline silicates and dust processing in the protoplanetary disks of the Taurus young cluster
• An Inner Hole in the Disk around TW Hydrae Resolved in 7 Millimeter Dust Emission
• X-ray Emission from T Tauri Stars and the Role of Accretion: Inferences from the XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Survival of the mm-cm size grain population observed in protoplanetary disks
• Ice Lines, Planetesimal Composition and Solid Surface Density in the Solar Nebula
• Probing the Dust and Gas in the Transitional Disk of CS Cha with Spitzer
• Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Disks around Classical T Tauri Stars
• The evolution of stars in the Taurus-Auriga T association
• Growth and migration of solids in evolving protostellar disks I: Methods and Analytical tests
• Dust Coagulation and Settling in Layered Protoplanetary Disks
• Accretion properties of T Tauri stars in sigma Ori
• The Minimum Gap-opening Planet Mass in an Irradiated Circumstellar Accretion Disk
• A sub-AU outwardly truncated accretion disk around a classical T Tauri star

Cited by in corpus (46)

• Dust Evolution and the Formation of Planetesimals
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and Fits Using a Grid of Protostellar Models
• On the gas content of transitional disks: a VLT/X-Shooter study of accretion and winds
• Understanding the origin of the [OI] low-velocity component from T Tauri stars
• The structure of disks around intermediate-mass young stars from mid-infrared interferometry. Evidence for a population of group II disks with gaps
• Fast Radial Flows in Transition Disk Holes
• Demographics of Transition Discs in Ophiuchus and Taurus
• The origin and evolution of transition discs: successes, problems and open questions
• Properties and occurrence rates of $Kepler$ exoplanet candidates as a function of host star metallicity from the DR25 catalog
• The SEEDS High Contrast Imaging Survey of Exoplanets around Young Stellar Objects
• VISION - Vienna survey in Orion. III. Young stellar objects in Orion A
• Are protoplanetary disks born with vortices? -- Rossby wave instability driven by protostellar infall
• External Photoevaporation of the Solar Nebula: Jupiter's Noble Gas Enrichments
• NGC 1980 is not a foreground population of Orion: Spectroscopic survey of young stars with low extinction in Orion A
• Wind-driven Accretion in Transitional Protostellar Disks
• An Ionized Outflow from AB Aur, a Herbig Ae Star with a Transitional Disk
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Accreting Protoplanets
• Herschel evidence for disk flattening or gas depletion in transitional disks
• A Herschel view of protoplanetary disks in the $\sigma$ Ori cluster
• How Consumption and Repulsion Set Planetary Gap Depths and the Final Masses of Gas Giants
• GW Ori: Inner disk readjustments in a triple system
• What happened before? -- The disks around the precursors of young Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Making Planet Nine: Pebble Accretion at 250--750 AU in a Gravitationally Unstable Ring
• The Taurus Boundary of Stellar/Substellar (TBOSS) Survey I: far-IR disk emission measured with Herschel
• Long-term Evolution of Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Disks
• The $Spitzer$ infrared spectrograph survey of protoplanetary disks in Orion A: I. disk properties
• Infrared study of transitional disks in Ophiuchus with Herschel
• Modelling Accretion in Transitional Disks
• Disk Masses and Dust Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks Around Brown Dwarfs
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron Survey of Protoplanetary Discs in the IC 348 Cluster
• Motivation and challenge to capture both large scale and local transport in next generation accretion theory
• Herschel Observations of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
• The Transitional Disk around IRAS 04125+2902
• Modeling the Protoplanetary Disks of Two Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• 3.3 cm JVLA observations of transitional disks: searching for centimeter pebbles
• Protoplanetary and Transitional Disks in the Open Stellar Cluster IC 2395
• Near-IR Polarized Scattered Light Imagery of the DoAr 28 Transitional Disk
• Massive pre-main-sequence stars in M17 -- Modelling hydrogen and dust in MYSO disks
• The NEMESIS Catalogue of Young Stellar Objects for the Orion Star Formation Complex. I. General description of data curation
• A study of accretion and disk diagnostics in the NGC 2264 cluster
• The curious case of PDS 11: a nearby, >10 Myr old, classical T Tauri binary system
• Double trouble: Gaia reveals (proto)-planetary systems that may experience more than one dense star-forming environment
• Improving Accretion Diagnostics for Young Stellar Objects with Mid-infrared Hydrogen lines from JWST/MIRI
• Measuring Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Serpens and L1641/L1647 with ALMA
• Dispersal of protoplanetary discs: How stellar properties and the local environment determine the pathway of evolution
• Constraining the mass of the planet(s) sculpting a disk cavity. The intriguing case of 2MASS J16042165-2130284