The structure and dynamics of molecular gas in planet-forming zones: A CRIRES spectro-astrometric survey

Abstract

We present a spectro-astrometric survey of molecular gas in the inner regions of 16 protoplanetary disks using CRIRES, the high resolution infrared imaging spectrometer on the Very Large Telescope. Spectro-astrometry with CRIRES measures the spatial extent of line emission to sub-milliarcsecond precision, or <0.2 AU at the distance of the observed targets. The sample consists of gas-rich disks surrounding stars with spectral types ranging from K to A. The properties of the spectro-astrometric signals divide the sources into two distinct phenomenological classes: one that shows clear Keplerian astrometric spectra, and one in which the astrometric signatures are dominated by gas with strong non-Keplerian (radial) motions. Similarly to the near-infrared continuum emission, as determined by interferometry, we find that the size of the CO line emitting region in the Keplerian sources obeys a size-luminosity relation as $R_CO L_*^0.5. The non-Keplerian spectro-astrometric signatures are likely indicative of the presence of wide-angle disk winds. The central feature of the winds is a strong sub-Keplerian velocity field due to conservation of angular momentum as the wind pressure drives the gas outwards. We construct a parametrized 2-dimensional disk+wind model that reproduces the observed characteristics the observed CO spectra and astrometry. The modeled winds indicate mass-loss rates of >10^-10 to 10^-8 Msol/yr. We suggest a unifying model in which all disks have slow molecular winds, but where the magnitude of the mass-loss rate determines the degree to which the mid-infrared molecular lines are dominated by the wind relative to the Keplerian disk surface.

Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (28)

• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• UV excess measures of accretion onto young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Accretion in the Rho-Oph pre-main sequence stars
• Structure and evolution of pre-main sequence circumstellar disks
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs I: hydrodynamic models
• Spectro-astrometric imaging of molecular gas within protoplanetary disk gaps
• H2O and OH gas in the terrestrial planet-forming zones of protoplanetary disks
• A Spitzer survey of mid-infrared molecular emission from protoplanetary disks I: Detection rates
• LkH$\alpha$ 330: Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• On the formation of H-alpha line emission around classical T Tauri stars
• VLBA determination of the distance to nearby star-forming regions IV. A preliminary distance to the proto-Herbig AeBe star EC95 in the Serpens Core
• Few Skewed Disks Found in First Closure-Phase Survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Resolving the chemistry in the disk of TW Hydrae I. Deuterated species
• T Tauri Jet Physics Resolved Near The Launching Region with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Single peaked CO emission line profiles from the inner regions of protoplanetary disks
• Herschel-PACS observation of the 10 Myr old T Tauri disk TW Hya: Constraining the disk gas mass
• [NeII] emission line profiles from photoevaporative disc winds
• Constraining the wind launching region in Herbig Ae stars: AMBER/VLTI spectroscopy of HD104237
• The Asymmetric Thermal Emission of Protoplanetary Disk Surrounding HD 142527 Seen by Subaru/COMICS
• Multiplicity of young stars in and around R Corona Australis
• Gas and dust in the inner disk of the Herbig Ae star MWC 758
• Modeling Spitzer observations of VV Ser. I. The circumstellar disk of a UX Orionis star
• Spatially resolving the hot CO around the young Be star 51 Ophiuchi
• Physical Conditions of Accreting Gas in T Tauri Star Systems
• Detectability of giant planets in protoplanetary disks by CO emission lines
• A parameter study of self-consistent disk models around Herbig AeBe stars
• Modeling Spitzer observations of VV Ser. II. an extended quantum heated nebula and a disk shadow

Cited by in corpus (124)

• Observations of gas flows inside a protoplanetary gap
• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks. I. Disk shape, dust settling, opacities, and PAHs
• LkCa 15: A Young Exoplanet Caught at Formation?
• Shadows cast by a warp in the HD 142527 protoplanetary disk
• Structures in the protoplanetary disk of HD142527 seen in polarized scattered light
• Towards a Global Evolutionary Model of Protoplanetary Disks
• Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: II. Full 3D Simulations toward the Outer Disk
• Magneto-thermal Disk Wind from Protoplanetary Disks
• On the gas content of transitional disks: a VLT/X-Shooter study of accretion and winds
• Local Enhancement of Surface Density in the Protoplanetary Ring Surrounding HD 142527
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs I: A new generation of X-ray photoevaporation models
• Tracing Slow Winds from T Tauri Stars via Low Velocity Forbidden Line Emission
• VLT-CRIRES Survey of Rovibrational CO Emission from Protoplanetary Disks
• Accretion kinematics through the warped transition disk in HD142527 from resolved CO(6-5) observations
• Measuring Protoplanetary Disk Accretion with H I Pf-beta
• CO rovibrational emission as a probe of inner disk structure
• Kinematic links and the co-evolution of MHD winds, jets, and inner disks from a high-resolution optical [OI] survey
• DIGIT survey of far-infrared lines from protoplanetary disks I
• A New Look at T Tauri Star Forbidden Lines: MHD Driven Winds from the Inner Disk
• Understanding the origin of the [OI] low-velocity component from T Tauri stars
• A Hubble Space Telescope Survey of H2 Emission in the Circumstellar Environments of Young Stars
• A cavity and further radial substructures in the disk around HD~97048
• Exploring dust around HD142527 down to 0.025" / 4au using SPHERE/ZIMPOL
• An empirical sequence of disk gap opening revealed by rovibrational CO
• Fast Radial Flows in Transition Disk Holes
• CRIRES${}^{+}$ on sky at the ESO Very Large Telescope
• Observed sizes of planet-forming disks trace viscous evolution
• The depletion of water during dispersal of planet-forming disk regions
• First Detection of Near-Infrared Line Emission from Organics in Young Circumstellar Disks
• Free-free Emission and Radio Recombination Lines from Photoevaporating Disks
• CO2 infrared emission as a diagnostic of planet-forming regions of disks
• The Evolution of Disk Winds from a Combined Study of Optical and Infrared Forbidden Lines
• A 30 AU radius CO gas hole in the disk around the Herbig Ae star Oph IRS 48
• Measurements of water surface snow lines in classical protoplanetary disks
• Scanning disk rings and winds in CO at 0.01-10 au: a high-resolution $M$-band spectroscopy survey with IRTF-iSHELL
• Ro-vibrational excitation of an organic molecule (HCN) in protoplanetary disks
• Herschel/PACS observations of young sources in Taurus: the far-infrared counterpart of optical jets
• The structure of disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars as traced by CO ro-vibrational emission
• ALMA Measurements of Circumstellar Material in the GQ Lup System
• Disks and Outflows in CO Rovibrational Emission from Embedded, Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects
• CO/H2 Abundance Ratio ~ 10^{-4} in a Protoplanetary Disk
• ALMA Observations of the T Tauri Binary System AS 205: Evidence for Molecular Winds and/or Binary Interactions
• Heterogeneity in ${}^{12}$CO/${}^{13}$CO Ratios Toward Solar-Type Young Stellar Objects
• 2023 Astrophotonics Roadmap: pathways to realizing multi-functional integrated astrophotonic instruments
• FUV and X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disks: a grid of models I. The disk structure
• The kinematics and excitation of infrared water vapor emission from planet-forming disks: results from spectrally-resolved surveys and guidelines for JWST spectra
• Resolving structure of the disk around HD100546 at 7 mm with ATCA
• A 80 au cavity in the disk around HD 34282
• Candidate Water Vapor Lines to Locate the H${}_2$O Snowline through High-Dispersion Spectroscopic Observations I. The Case of a T Tauri Star
• Efficiency of radial transport of ices in protoplanetary disks probed with infrared observations: the case of CO${}_2$
• Dust Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disk Winds Driven by Magneto-Rotational Turbulence: A Mechanism for Floating Dust Grains with Characteristic Sizes
• High-Resolution Near Infrared Spectroscopy of HD 100546: II. Analysis of variable rovibrational CO emission lines
• Probing the 2D temperature structure of protoplanetary disks with Herschel observations of high-J CO lines
• Significant Gas-to-Dust Ratio Asymmetry and Variation in the Disk of HD 142527 and the Indication of Gas Depletion
• Large-scale CO spiral arms and complex kinematics associated with the T Tauri star RU Lup
• Evidence for an MHD disk wind via optical forbidden line spectro-astrometry
• Exploring organic chemistry in planet-forming zones
• A High-resolution Optical Survey of Upper Sco: Evidence for Coevolution of Accretion and Disk Winds
• On the nature of the Herbig B[e] star binary system V921 Scorpii: Geometry and kinematics of the circumprimary disk on sub-AU scales
• Diagnosing FUor-like Sources: The Parameter Space of Viscously Heated Disks in the Optical and Near-IR
• The Planetary Luminosity Problem: "Missing Planets" and the Observational Consequences of Episodic Accretion
• A high resolution mid-infrared survey of water emission from protoplanetary disks
• Depletion of molecular gas by an accretion outburst in a protoplanetary disk
• High-Resolution Near Infrared Spectroscopy of HD 100546: I. Analysis of Asymmetric Ro-Vibrational OH Emission Lines
• A gas density drop in the inner 6 AU of the transition disk around the Herbig Ae star HD 139614: Further evidence for a giant planet inside the disk?
• The 1600 Angstrom Emission Bump in Protoplanetary Disks: A Spectral Signature of H${}_2$O Dissociation
• The Evolution of Inner Disk Gas in Transition Disks
• A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
• Probing planet formation and disk substructures in the inner disk of Herbig Ae stars with CO rovibrational emission
• Shadows, gaps, and ring-like structures in protoplanetary disks
• A UV-to-MIR monitoring of DR Tau: exploring how water vapor in the planet formation region of the disk is affected by stellar accretion variability
• High-Resolution Near Infrared Spectroscopy of HD~100546: IV. Orbiting Companion Disappears on Schedule
• The chemistry of planet-forming regions is not interstellar
• The nitrogen carrier in protoplanetary disks
• Resolved observations of transition disks
• Signatures of warm carbon monoxide in protoplanetary discs observed with Herschel SPIRE
• Resolved molecular line observations reveal an inherited molecular layer in the young disk around TMC1A
• A resolved, au-scale gas disk around the B[e] star HD 50138
• Molecular Mapping of DR Tau's Protoplanetary Disk, Envelope, Outflow, and Large-Scale Spiral Arm
• Signs of late infall and possible planet formation around DR Tau using VLT/SPHERE and LBTI/LMIRCam
• Spatially Resolving the Kinematics of the <100 μas Quasar Broad Line Region using Spectroastrometry
• A UV-to-NIR Study of Molecular Gas in the Dust Cavity Around RY Lupi
• Spectrally Resolved Mid-Infrared Molecular Emission from Protoplanetary Disks and the Chemical Fingerprint of Planetesimal Formation
• Tracers of Discs and Winds around Intermediate and High Mass Young Stellar Objects
• Probing the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks with CO Absorption Line Spectroscopy
• Interpreting molecular hydrogen and atomic oxygen line emission of T Tauri disks with photoevaporative disk-wind models
• A proposed new diagnostic for Herbig disc geometry: FWHM versus J of CO ro-vibrational lines
• Near Infrared High Resolution Spectroscopy and Spectro-astrometry of Gas in Disks around Herbig Ae/Be Stars
• A Tight Relation between Spiral Arm Pitch Angle and Protoplanetary Disk Mass
• Rapid CO gas dispersal from NO Lup's class III circumstellar disc
• High-Resolution Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of GV Tau N: Surface Accretion and Detection of Ammonia in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• Variability in the CO ro-vibrational lines from HD163296
• Water shielding in the terrestrial planet-forming zone: Implication for inner disk organics
• The Radial Distribution and Excitation of H2 around Young Stars in the HST-ULLYSES Survey
• S Coronae Australis -- a T Tauri Twin
• CO isotopolog line fluxes of viscously evolving disks: cold CO conversion insufficient to explain observed low fluxes
• Reimagining the water snowline
• A model exploration of NIR ro-vibrational CO emission as a tracer of inner cavities in protoplanetary disks
• Face to phase with RU Lupi
• UV Fluorescence Traces Gas and LyA Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Characterization of the young star T CrA and its circumstellar environment
• Chemistry During the Gas-rich Stage of Planet Formation
• Spectroastrometric Study of Ro-vibrational CO Emission from the Herbig Ae star HD~179218 with iSHELL on the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility
• The gas disk: Evolution and chemistry
• Evidence of a substellar companion around a very young T Tauri star
• Unveiling the near-infrared structure of the massive-young stellar object NGC 3603 IRS 9A with sparse aperture masking and spectroastrometry
• Modeling of CO ro-vibrational line emission of HD 141569
• Optical Forbidden Emission Line Spectro-astrometry of T CrA: Evidence for a Multiple System and Multiple Jets
• The interplay between forming planets and photo-evaporating discs I: Forbidden line diagnostics
• CRIRES-VLT high-resolution spectro-astrometry as a tool in the search of small structures at the cores of Planetary Nebulae
• Photoevaporation Can Reproduce Extended ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ Emission from Protoplanetary Disks Imaged by JWST MIRI
• An unusual reservoir of water emission in the VV CrA A protoplanetary disk
• MINDS. Young binary systems with JWST/MIRI: Variable water-rich primaries and extended emission
• The GRAVITY young stellar object survey XIV : Investigating the magnetospheric accretion-ejection processes in S CrA N
• The wind and the magnetospheric accretion onto the T Tauri star S Coronae Australis at sub-au resolution
• Spectroscopy using a visible photonic lantern at the Subaru telescope: Laboratory characterization and first on-sky demonstration on Ikiiki (α Leo) and `Aua (α Ori)
• Forbidden Emission Line spectro-imaging of the RU Lupi jet and Low Velocity Component
• A CO-to-H${}_2$ ratio of $\approx 10^{-5}$ towards the Herbig Ae star HK Ori
• Evidence of a Disk-wind Origin for Fluorescent H${}_2$ in Classical T Tauri Stars
• Gas and Dust Absorption in the DoAr 24E System
• Science with MATISSE
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• MHD disc winds can reproduce fast disc dispersal and the correlation between accretion rate and disc mass in Lupus
• Variability of the DG Tau Forbidden Emission Line Low Velocity Component