Origin and dynamical evolution of the asteroid belt

Abstract

The asteroid belt was dynamically shaped during and after planet formation. Despite representing a broad ring of stable orbits, the belt contains less than one one-thousandth of an Earth mass. The asteroid orbits are dynamically excited with a wide range in eccentricity and inclination and their compositions are diverse, with a general trend toward dry objects in the inner belt and more water-rich objects in the outer belt. Here we review models of the asteroid belt's origins and dynamical history. The classical view is that the belt was born with several Earth masses in planetesimals, then strongly depleted. However, it is possible that very few planetesimals ever formed in the asteroid region and that the belt's story is one of implantation rather than depletion. A number of processes may have implanted asteroids from different regions of the Solar System, dynamically removed them, and excited their orbits. During the gaseous disk phase these include the effects of giant planet growth and migration and sweeping secular resonances. After the gaseous disk phase these include scattering from resident planetary embryos, chaos in the giant planets' orbits, the giant planet instability, and long-term dynamical evolution. Different global models for Solar System formation imply contrasting dynamical histories of the asteroid belt. Vesta and Ceres may have been implanted from opposite regions of the Solar System -- Ceres from the Jupiter-Saturn region and Vesta from the terrestrial planet region -- and could therefore represent very different formation conditions.

arXiv commentChapter to appear in Vesta and Ceres: Insights into the Dawn of the Solar System (Cambridge U. Press; Editors Simone Marchi, Carol A. Raymond, and Christopher T. Russell). Updated figures

References in corpus (117)

• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
• Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs
• A low mass for Mars from Jupiter's early gas-driven migration
• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• The origins and concentrations of water, carbon, nitrogen and noble gases on Earth
• Towards a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation I: a Desert in the Mass and Semi Major Axis Distributions of Extra Solar Planets
• Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion
• Planet-disk interaction and orbital evolution
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• The effect of gas drag on the growth of protoplanets -- Analytical expressions for the accretion of small bodies in laminar disks
• On the width and shape of gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Ringed Substructure and a Gap at 1 AU in the Nearest Protoplanetary Disk
• Asteroids Were Born Big
• THE ORIGIN OF PLUTO'S ORBIT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOLAR SYSTEM BEYOND NEPTUNE
• Solar System evolution from compositional mapping of the asteroid belt
• Building Terrestrial Planets
• Origin of the Structure of the Kuiper Belt during a Dynamical Instability in the Orbits of Uranus and Neptune
• Forming the cores of giant planets from the radial pebble flux in protoplanetary discs
• Building the Terrestrial Planets: Constrained Accretion in the Inner Solar System
• The taxonomic distribution of asteroids from multi-filter all-sky photometric surveys
• High-resolution simulations of the final assembly of Earth-like planets 1: terrestrial accretion and dynamics
• Statistical Study of the Early Solar System's Instability with 4, 5 and 6 Giant Planets
• Reversing type II migration: resonance trapping of a lighter giant protoplanet
• On the orbital evolution and growth of protoplanets embedded in a gaseous disc
• Dynamics of the giant planets of the solar system in the gaseous proto-planetary disk and relationship to the current orbital architecture
• Pebble isolation mass --- scaling law and implications for the formation of super-Earths and gas giants
• Formation of the Terrestrial Planets from a Narrow Annulus
• Dust Evolution and the Formation of Planetesimals
• Dynamical Evolution of the Early Solar System
• The structure of protoplanetary discs around evolving young stars
• Origin of water in the inner Solar System: Planetesimals scattered inward during Jupiter and Saturn's rapid gas accretion
• Models of Jupiter's Growth Incorporating Thermal and Hydrodynamic Constraints
• The Exoplanet Mass-Ratio Function from the MOA-II Survey: Discovery of a Break and Likely Peak at a Neptune Mass
• Water Delivery and Giant Impacts in the 'Grand Tack' Scenario
• A Sawtooth-like Timeline for the First Billion Year of Lunar Bombardment
• The timeline of the Lunar bombardment - revisited
• Growing the gas-giant planets by the gradual accumulation of pebbles
• Highly Siderophile Elements in the Earth's Mantle as a Clock for the Moon-forming Impact
• Capture of Trojans by Jumping Jupiter
• Exotic Earths: Forming Habitable Worlds with Giant Planet Migration
• Oort Cloud and Scattered Disc formation during a late dynamical instability in the Solar System
• How Empty are Disk Gaps Opened by Giant Planets?
• Evidence from the asteroid belt for a violent past evolution of Jupiter's orbit
• Close-in planetesimal formation by pile-up of drifting pebbles
• On the Minimum Core Mass for Giant Planet Formation at Wide Separations
• Initial mass function of planetesimals formed by the streaming instability
• Growing the terrestrial planets from the gradual accumulation of sub-meter sized objects
• Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families
• Modeling the Formation of Giant Planet Cores I: Evaluating Key Processes
• A record of planet migration in the Main Asteroid Belt
• Challenges in Planet Formation
• Mars' Growth Stunted by an Early Giant Planet Instability
• Planetesimal formation by the streaming instability in a photoevaporating disk
• Young Solar System's Fifth Giant Planet?
• The Evidence for Slow Migration of Neptune from the Inclination Distribution of Kuiper Belt Objects
• Formation of Earth-like Planets During and After Giant Planet Migration
• Constraints on resonant-trapping for two planets embedded in a protoplanetary disc
• Reduced gas accretion on super-Earths and ice giants
• Constructing the secular architecture of the solar system II: The terrestrial planets
• Resonant Drag Instabilities in protoplanetary disks: the streaming instability and new, faster-growing instabilities
• Cataclysm no more: New views on the timing and delivery of lunar impactors
• Highly siderophile elements were stripped from Earth's mantle by iron sulfide segregation
• Lunar and Terrestrial Planet Formation in the Grand Tack Scenario
• Evidence for universality in the initial planetesimal mass function
• Long range outward migration of giant planets, with application to Fomalhaut b
• On the Migration of Jupiter and Saturn: Constraints from Linear Models of Secular Resonant Coupling with the Terrestrial Planets
• The Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals Formed by the Streaming Instability. II. The Effect of the Radial Gas Pressure Gradient
• The early instability scenario: terrestrial planet formation during the giant planet instability, and the effect of collisional fragmentation
• Short dissipation times of proto-planetary discs - an artifact of selection effects?
• Dynamical evidence for an early giant planet instability
• Onset of giant planet migration before 4480 million years ago
• The effects of short-lived radionuclides and porosity on the early thermo-mechanical evolution of planetesimals
• Terrestrial Planet Formation Constrained by Mars and the Structure of the Asteroid Belt
• On the formation of terrestrial planets in hot-Jupiter systems
• Secular resonance sweeping of the main asteroid belt during planet migration
• The Feeding Zones of Terrestrial Planets and Insights into Moon Formation
• The Fragility of the Terrestrial Planets During a Giant Planet Instability
• Families among high-inclination asteroids
• Constraining the giant planets' initial configuration from their evolution: implications for the timing of the planetary instability
• Oligarchic and giant impact growth of terrestrial planets in the presence of gas giant planet migration
• Dynamical Shakeup of Planetary Systems II. N-body simulations of Solar System terrestrial planet formation induced by secular resonance sweeping
• Accretion of Uranus and Neptune from inward-migrating planetary embryos blocked by Jupiter and Saturn
• Outward migration of Jupiter and Saturn in 3:2 or 2:1 resonance in radiative disks: implications for the Grand Tack and Nice models
• The growth of planetary embryos: orderly, runaway, or oligarchic?
• The Effect of an Early Planetesimal-Driven Migration of the Giant Planets on Terrestrial Planet Formation
• The evolution of asteroids in the jumping-Jupiter migration model
• Terrestrial Planet Formation in the Presence of Migrating Super-earths
• Different origins or different evolutions? Decoding the spectral diversity among C-type asteroids
• The consequences of planetary migration on the minor bodies of the early Solar System
• Two phase, inward-then-outward migration of Jupiter and Saturn in the gaseous Solar Nebula
• Quasi-static contraction during runaway gas accretion onto giant planets
• The Dynamical Evolution of the Asteroid Belt
• Analysis of terrestrial planet formation by the Grand Tack model: System architecture and tack location
• Modeling the Historical Flux of Planetary Impactors
• Terrestrial Planet Formation from an Annulus
• The excitation of a primordial cold asteroid belt as an outcome of the planetary instability
• Excitation and depletion of the asteroid belt in the early instability scenario
• Is the Grand Tack model compatible with the orbital distribution of main belt asteroids?
• The Asteroid Belt as a Relic From a Chaotic Early Solar System
• Water and the interior structure of terrestrial planets and icy bodies
• The common origin of family and non-family asteroids
• On the orbital evolution of a giant planet pair embedded in a gaseous disk. I: Jupiter-Saturn configuration
• Saturn's formation and early evolution at the origin of Jupiter's massive moons
• A record of the final phase of giant planet migration fossilized in the asteroid belt's orbital structure
• Jovian Early Bombardment: planetesimal erosion in the inner asteroid belt
• Terrestrial planet formation: Dynamical shake-up and the low mass of Mars
• Instabilities in the Early Solar System due to a Self-gravitating Disk
• Jumping Jupiter can explain Mercury's orbit
• On The Effect of Giant Planets on the Scattering of Parent Bodies of Iron Meteorite from the Terrestrial Planet Region into the Asteroid Belt: A Concept Study
• Did Jupiter's core form in the innermost parts of the Sun's protoplanetary disk?
• The Formation of Jupiter, the Jovian Early Bombardment and the Delivery of Water to the Asteroid Belt: The Case of (4) Vesta
• The composition of Solar system asteroids and Earth/Mars moons, and the Earth-Moon composition similarity
• On the inclinations of the Jupiter Trojans
• Scattering V-type asteroids during the giant planets instability: A step for Jupiter, a leap for basalt

Cited by in corpus (2)

• Secular chaos in white-dwarf planetary systems: origins of metal pollution and short-period planetary companions
• Chondrules from high-velocity collisions: thermal histories and the agglomeration problem