A New Hybrid N-Body-Coagulation Code for the Formation of Gas Giant Planets

Abstract

We describe an updated version of our hybrid N-body-coagulation code for planet formation. In addition to the features of our 2006-2008 code, our treatment now includes algorithms for the 1D evolution of the viscous disk, the accretion of small particles in planetary atmospheres, gas accretion onto massive cores, and the response of N-bodies to the gravitational potential of the gaseous disk and the swarm of planetesimals. To validate the N-body portion of the algorithm, we use a battery of tests in planetary dynamics. As a first application of the complete code, we consider the evolution of Pluto-mass planetesimals in a swarm of 0.1-1 cm pebbles. In a typical evolution time of 1-3 Myr, our calculations transform 0.01-0.1 solar mass disks of gas and dust into planetary systems containing super-Earths, Saturns, and Jupiters. Low mass planets form more often than massive planets; disks with smaller alpha form more massive planets than disks with larger alpha. For Jupiter-mass planets, masses of solid cores are 10-100 Earth masses.

revised version; 52 pages, 1 table, 19 figures; accepted in ApJ

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• A Statistical Analysis of SEEDS and Other High-Contrast Exoplanet Surveys: Massive Planets or Low-Mass Brown Dwarfs?
• A Combined VLT and Gemini Study of the Atmosphere of the Directly-Imaged Planet, beta Pictoris b
• The Mass Budget of Planet Forming Discs: Isolating the Epoch of Planetesimal Formation
• Outward Migration of Jupiter and Saturn in Evolved Gaseous Disks
• The McDonald Observatory Planet Search: New Long-Period Giant Planets, and Two Interacting Jupiters in the HD 155358 System
• Understanding how planets become massive. I. Description and validation of a new toy model
• Numerical Simulations of Collisional Cascades at the Roche Limits of White Dwarf Stars
• Capture and Evolution of Planetesimals in Circumjovian Disks
• Migration of planets embedded in a circumstellar disk
• Evaporation of dark matter from celestial bodies
• A Lagrangian Integrator for Planetary Accretion and Dynamics (LIPAD)
• Migration rates of planets due to scattering of planetesimals
• Coagulation Calculations of Icy Planet Formation at 15--150 AU: A Correlation Between the Maximum Radius and the Slope of the Size Distribution for Transneptunian Objects
• Numerical Simulations of Gaseous Disks Generated from Collisional Cascades at the Roche Limits of White Dwarf Stars
• The Formation of Pluto's Low Mass Satellites
• From Planetesimals to Planets in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks I. Onset of Runaway Growth
• The Fate of Scattered Planets
• From Disks to Planets
• Formation of Super-Earth Mass Planets at 125-250 AU from a Solar-type Star
• From Pebbles and Planetesimals to Planets and Dust: the Protoplanetary Disk--Debris Disk Connection
• Discovery of a Transiting Planet Near the Snow-Line
• Variations on Debris Disks III. Collisional Cascades and Giant Impacts in the Terrestrial Zones of Solar-type Stars
• Terrestrial planet formation: Dynamical shake-up and the low mass of Mars
• Making Planet Nine: A Scattered Giant in the Outer Solar System
• Making Planet Nine: Pebble Accretion at 250--750 AU in a Gravitationally Unstable Ring
• Migration of small moons in Saturn's rings
• The Formation and Dynamics of Super-Earth Planets
• Evolution and Magnitudes of Candidate Planet Nine
• Super-Earths: A New Class of Planetary Bodies
• Planet formation in stellar binaries: Global simulations of planetesimal growth
• Formation of Terrestrial Planets
• Ohmic heating of asteroids around magnetic stars
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• Coagulation Calculations of Icy Planet Formation Around 0.1--0.5~\msun\ Stars: Super-Earths From Large Planetestimals
• A Pluto--Charon Sonata: Dynamical Limits on the Masses of the Small Satellites
• A Pluto-Charon Concerto: An Impact on Charon as the Origin of the Small Satellites
• Evolution of a ring around the Pluto-Charon binary
• On the Estimation of Circumbinary Orbital Properties
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• Magnetic interactions in orbital dynamics
• A Pluto-Charon Sonata III. Growth of Charon from a Circum-Pluto Ring of Debris
• DESTINY: Database for the Effects of STellar encounters on dIsks and plaNetary sYstems
• Collisional Cascade Caclulations for Irregular Satellite Swarms in Fomalhaut b
• Hiding in the Shadows II: Collisional Dust as Exoplanet Markers
• Hybrid methods in planetesimal dynamics: Formation of protoplanetary systems and the mill condition
• Runaway Growth of Planetesimals Revisited: Presenting Criteria Required for Realistic Modeling of Planetesimal Growth