On shocks driven by high-mass planets in radiatively inefficient disks. II. Three-dimensional global disk simulations

Abstract

Recent high-resolution, near-infrared images of protoplanetary disks have shown that these disks often present spiral features. Spiral arms are among the structures predicted decades ago by numerical simulations of disk-planet interaction and thus it is tempting to suspect that planetary perturbers are responsible for the observed signatures. However, such interpretation is not free of problems. The spirals are found to have large pitch angles, and in at least one case (HD 100546) the spiral feature appears effectively unpolarized, which implies thermal emission of the order of 1000K (465$\pm$40K at closer inspection). We have recently shown in two-dimensional models that shock dissipation in the supersonic wake of high-mass planets can lead to significant heating if the disk is sufficiently adiabatic. In this paper we extend this analysis to three dimensions in thermodynamically evolving disks. We use the Pencil Code in spherical coordinates for our models, with a prescription for thermal cooling based on the optical depth of the local vertical gas column. We use a 5$M_J$ planet, and show that shocks in the region around the planet where the Lindblad resonances occur heat the gas to substantially higher temperatures than the ambient disk gas at that radius. The gas is accelerated vertically away from the midplane by the shocks to form shock bores, and the gas falling back toward the midplane breaks up into a turbulent surf near the Lindblad resonances. This turbulence, although localized, has high $\alpha$ values, reaching 0.05 in the inner Lindblad resonance, and 0.1 in the outer one. We also find evidence that the disk regions heated up by the planetary shocks eventually becomes superadiabatic, generating convection far from the planet's orbit.

arXiv comment9 pages, 8 figures. Accepted by ApJ

References in corpus (52)

• Planet-disk interaction and orbital evolution
• Coagulation, fragmentation and radial motion of solid particles in protoplanetary disks
• Rossby Wave Instability of Keplerian Accretion Disks
• A Major Asymmetric Dust Trap in a Transition Disk
• FARGO: a fast eulerian transport algorithm for differentially rotating disks
• A comparative study of disc-planet interaction
• Turbulence in Accretion Disks. Vorticity Generation and Angular Momentum Transport via the Global Baroclinic Instability
• Rapid Coagulation of Porous Dust Aggregates Outside the Snow Line: A Pathway to Successful Icy Planetesimal Formation
• Disk Accretion Onto High-Mass Planets
• Discovery of Small-Scale Spiral Structures in the Disk of SAO 206462 (HD 135344B): Implications for the Physical State of the Disk from Spiral Density Wave Theory
• Observations of gas flows inside a protoplanetary gap
• Mass Flow and Accretion through gaps in Accretion Discs
• Planetary Torques as the Viscosity of Protoplanetary Disks
• Asymmetric features in the protoplanetary disk MWC758
• Three-dimensional Calculations of High and Low-mass Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Discs
• Planets opening dust gaps in gas disks
• Dust diffusion in protoplanetary discs by magnetorotational turbulence
• Nonlinear propagation of planet-generated tidal waves
• The subcritical baroclinic instability in local accretion disc models
• Small vs large dust grains in transitional disks: do different cavity sizes indicate a planet?
• Reviving Dead Zones in Accretion Disks by Rossby Vortices at their Boundaries
• On the wake generated by a planet in a disc
• Orbital migration of low-mass planets in evolutionary radiative models: Avoiding catastrophic infall
• Resolving the HD 100546 Protoplanetary System with the Gemini Planet Imager: Evidence for Multiple Forming, Accreting Planets
• An azimuthal asymmetry in the LkHa 330 disk
• Magnetic self-organisation in Hall-dominated magnetorotational turbulence
• 3D-radiation hydro simulations of disk-planet interactions: I. Numerical algorithm and test cases
• On the Planet and the Disk of CoKuTau/4
• Non-convergence of the critical cooling timescale for fragmentation of self-gravitating discs
• Formation of sharp eccentric rings in debris disks with gas but without planets
• Reduction of chemical networks. II. Analysis of the fractional ionisation in protoplanetary discs
• A Well-Posed Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Test and Comparison
• Baroclinic Vorticity Production in Protoplanetary Disks; Part I: Vortex Formation
• Thermo-Hydrodynamics of Circumstellar Disks with High-mass Planets
• Recovery of the Candidate Protoplanet HD 100546 b with Gemini/NICI and Detection of Additional (Planet-Induced?) Disk Structure at Small Separations
• Millimeter imaging of MWC 758: probing the disk structure and kinematics
• Spiral Arms in Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disks as Imaged in Scattered Light
• Baroclinic Vorticity Production in Protoplanetary Disks; Part II: Vortex Growth and Longevity
• Mach number dependence of the onset of dynamo action
• The Solar-System-Scale Disk Around AB Aurigae
• The dynamically disrupted gap in HD 142527
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamics In Global Simulations Of Protoplanetary Disks
• Global magnetohydrodynamical models of turbulence in protoplanetary disks I. A cylindrical potential on a Cartesian grid and transport of solids
• Orbital migration of interacting low-mass planets in evolutionary radiative turbulent models
• Planet or Brown Dwarf? Inferring the Companion Mass in HD 100546 from the Wall Shape using Mid-Infrared Interferometry
• Hydraulic/Shock-Jumps in Protoplanetary Disks
• High-Temperature Processing of Solids Through Solar Nebular Bow Shocks: 3D Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations with Particles
• Convergence of simulations of self-gravitating accretion discs II: Sensitivity to the implementation of radiative cooling and artificial viscosity
• Planet-Disk interaction in 3D: the importance of buoyancy waves
• 3D MHD Modeling of the Gaseous Structure of the Galaxy: Description of the Simulations
• Circumstellar disks and planets. Science cases for next-generation optical/infrared long-baseline interferometers
• On shocks driven by high-mass planets in radiatively inefficient disks. I. Two-dimensional global disk simulations

Cited by in corpus (31)

• The Effect of Jupiter's Formation on the Distribution of Refractory Elements and Inclusions in Meteorites
• The Eccentric Cavity, Triple Rings, Two-Armed Spirals, and Double Clumps of the MWC 758 Disk
• A planetesimal orbiting within the debris disc around a white dwarf star
• Discovery of a point-like source and a third spiral arm in the transition disk around the Herbig Ae star MWC 758
• Mapping the Conditions for Hydrodynamic Instability on Steady State Accretion Models of Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Heating and Evolution Driven by the Spiral Density Waves
• Separating extended disc features from the protoplanet in PDS 70 using VLT/SINFONI
• Shock-driven Accretion in Circumplanetary Disks: Observables and Satellite Formation
• The impact of planet wakes on the location and shape of the water iceline in a protoplanetary disk
• Evolution of the Water Snow Line in Magnetically Accreting Protoplanetary Disks
• Low-mass planet migration in three dimensional wind-driven inviscid discs: a negative corotation torque
• Importance of radiative effects in gap opening by planets in protoplanetary disks
• Self-Destructing Spiral Waves: Global Simulations of a Spiral Wave Instability in Accretion Disks
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks: Planet-Induced Line Broadening in Gaps
• The Spiral Wave Instability Induced by a Giant Planet: I. Particle Stirring in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• The Effect of Protoplanetary Disk Cooling Times on the Formation of Gas Giant Planets by Gravitational Instability
• A two-moment radiation hydrodynamics scheme applicable to simulations of planet formation in circumstellar disks
• Modeling planet-induced gaps and rings in ALMA disks: the role of in-plane radiative diffusion
• Near-Infrared Imaging of a Spiral in the CQ Tau Disk
• Spiral density waves and vertical circulation in protoplanetary discs
• Multiplanet systems in inviscid discs can avoid forming resonant chains
• Eccentric Minidisks in Accreting Binaries
• Orbital advection with magnetohydrodynamics and vector potential
• On Shocks Driven by High-mass Planets in Radiatively Inefficient Disks. III. Observational Signatures in Thermal Emission and Scattered Light
• Three-dimensional evolution of radiative circumbinary discs: the size and shape of the inner cavity
• Early High-contrast Imaging Results with Keck/NIRC2-PWFS: The SR 21 Disk
• Magnetohydrodynamic convection in accretion discs
• On wave interference in planet migration: dead zone torques modified by active zone forcing
• On the formation of multiple dust-trapping rings in the inner Solar system
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks: Temperature structures in spiral arms
• How two-dimensional are planet-disc interactions? II. Radiation hydrodynamics and suitable cooling prescriptions